The planet we live on: The beginnings of the Earth Sciences

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Figure 3.4: Alfred Wegener, the polar explorer and meteorologist who proposed the ‘<strong>The</strong>oryof Continental Drift’, as commemorated in this German postage stamp.<strong>The</strong> evidence that Wegener used to support his theory included:• the shapes of the coastlines of South America and Africa sho<strong>we</strong>d a very close match- just like a jigsaw puzzle;• the geology of the two continents, if they <strong>we</strong>re put together, also matched - like apicture on a jigsaw puzzle;• fossils of land-living organisms found in South America and Africa are very similarand it was very unlikely that they could have evolved separately;• some modern organisms living in North America and Europe, including a species ofearthworm and another of heather, seemed to be identical; it was also unlikely thatthese had evolved separately;• countries now found near the Equator have evidence in the rock record that they<strong>we</strong>re covered by ice sheets in the past;• countries in northern Europe and America that have rock-record evidence of pastdesert and tropical swamp conditions;• although some geologists said that the similar fossil species and seemingly identicalmodern species could be explained by ‘land bridges’ bet<strong>we</strong>en today’s continents(continents that have now sunk to the ocean floor), geophysical evidence sho<strong>we</strong>dthat continents couldn’t sink;75
Figure 3.5: A page of Wegener’s 1929 book ‘<strong>The</strong> origin of continents and oceans’ showingmaps of how the continents had moved by his ‘<strong>The</strong>ory of Continental Drift’.76
Page 1 and 2:
Basic Books in ScienceBook 6<strong
Page 3 and 4:
BASIC BOOKS IN SCIENCE- a Series of
Page 5 and 6:
BASIC BOOKS IN SCIENCE- a Series of
Page 7 and 8:
Looking ahead - If you came across
Page 9 and 10:
3.2 Plate tectonics (20th Century)
Page 11 and 12:
1.30 Coal seams in an opencast coal
Page 13 and 14:
3.4 Alfred Wegener, the polar explo
Page 15 and 16:
5.14 A GPS remote volcano monitorin
Page 17 and 18:
Figure 1.2:minerals.A sandstone roc
Page 19 and 20:
Even diamond can have different col
Page 21 and 22:
Figure 1.8: A red garnet crystal in
Page 23 and 24:
Figure 1.12: Crystals of minerals i
Page 25 and 26:
Hematite, Fe 2 O 3 - earthy red, me
Page 27 and 28:
Figure 1.17: Sedimentary rocks show
Page 29 and 30:
Figure 1.20: A close up view of a p
Page 31 and 32:
Figure 1.26: Ancient wave ripple ma
Page 33 and 34:
Figure 1.30: Coal seams in an openc
Page 35 and 36:
Figure 1.32: Close up view of a pie
Page 37 and 38:
Figure 1.35: A fossil colonial cora
Page 39 and 40: Figure 1.38: Fossil ammonites, indi
Page 41 and 42: Figure 1.39: ‘Massive’ igneous
Page 43 and 44: Figure 1.41: A close up view of a p
Page 45 and 46: Figure 1.44: A basalt flow that coo
Page 47 and 48: Figure 1.47: Deposit of volcanic as
Page 49 and 50: Figure 1.49: An old slate quarry, s
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1.51: Slate, a low-grade met
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1.53: Schist, a medium-grade
Page 55 and 56: Figure 1.56: Metaquartzite, produce
Page 57 and 58: Figure 1.58: A region of folded roc
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1.61: A normal fault. This s
Page 61 and 62: Figure 1.64: An unconformity. Older
Page 63 and 64: proper geological maps. Fossils hav
Page 65 and 66: Cephalopods are not extinct, but th
Page 67 and 68: Figure 1.68: A shelled cephalopod f
Page 69 and 70: You can try the rock sequencing pri
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 2Reading landscapes: how la
Page 73 and 74: Figure 2.3: Rock fragments loosened
Page 75 and 76: Figure 2.6: The jo
Page 77 and 78: Figure 2.10: The m
Page 79 and 80: are forming them. Similarly the sha
Page 81 and 82: Figure 2.19: This photo was taken f
Page 83 and 84: Figure 2.25: Dinosaur tracks conser
Page 85 and 86: • On coastal sections, whenever p
Page 87 and 88: found evidence that the Earth was a
Page 89: Figure 3.3: James Hutton, the ‘Fo
Page 93 and 94: Figure 3.7: The st
Page 95 and 96: Figure 3.10: The r
Page 97 and 98: Figure 3.13: The m
Page 99 and 100: Figure 3.15: The S
Page 101 and 102: Figure 3.19: An ocean versus contin
Page 103 and 104: Figure 3.23: Map of the major tecto
Page 105 and 106: Figure 3.26: Global temperature cha
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.29: A computer generated p
Page 109 and 110: Figure 3.31: The
Page 111 and 112: planet extended th
Page 113 and 114: Figure 4.1: William Smith’s geolo
Page 115 and 116: Millionsof yearsago (Ma)01000Some M
Page 117 and 118: ocks whilst the first definite plan
Page 119 and 120: Figure 4.9: The ch
Page 121 and 122: Figure 4.12: The 4
Page 123 and 124: Millionsof years Some Major Earth E
Page 125 and 126: Figure 5.2: Strike-slip movement (r
Page 127 and 128: Figure 5.4: The So
Page 129 and 130: Figure 5.6: An ash eruption rising
Page 131 and 132: Figure 5.10: A hazard zone map of t
Page 133 and 134: isk to humans. The
Page 135 and 136: Figure 5.14: A GPS (global satellit
Page 137 and 138: None of these methods has yet prove
Page 139 and 140: Figure 5.17: A windfarm in Ireland.
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 5.19: A beautifully preserve
Page 143 and 144:
Another ‘missing link’ find has
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 5.22: A dinosaur reconstruct
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 5.25: A working aggregate-pr
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 5.26: The E
Page 151 and 152:
Chapter 6Understanding what geologi
Page 153 and 154:
Figure 6.2: A drilling rig used for
Page 155 and 156:
When an oil/gas field has been foun
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 6.6: Groundwater flowing out
Page 159 and 160:
Dam disaster in Italy, when the wav
Page 161 and 162:
Figure 6.10: A slab foundation, bui
Page 163 and 164:
An example of this is investigation
Page 165 and 166:
GlossaryAbsolute age The</s
Page 167 and 168:
Carbon capture The
Page 169 and 170:
Crustal shortening This results of
Page 171 and 172:
Evaporite deposits (or evaporites)
Page 173 and 174:
Geophysical survey Using the method
Page 175 and 176:
“Integrated waste management” <
Page 177 and 178:
Metamorphism The r
Page 179 and 180:
Pore spaces (or pores) Gaps bet<str
Page 181 and 182:
Saltation Sediment movement by flui
Page 183 and 184:
Suspension Sediment movement by flu
Page 185 and 186:
AcknowledgementsPermission to repri
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 2.3 A scree slope. Photo ID:
Page 189 and 190:
Figure 1.15a Hematite.Figure 1.15b
Page 191 and 192:
Figure 1.28 Dune cross bedding in s
Page 193 and 194:
Figure 3.18 An island arc volcano,
Page 195 and 196:
Figure 5.21 Excavations at the dino
show all

The planet we live on: The beginnings of the Earth Sciences

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?