The planet we live on: The beginnings of the Earth Sciences

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Relative age Sequenced events, from the oldest to the youngestRemediation (site) <strong>The</strong> cleaning up of formerly polluted sitesReserves <strong>The</strong> amount of a natural resource available for extractionReservoir rock (hydrocarbon) Rock with enough pore space and permeability to holdhydrocarbons and to allow them to flow outResistivity (electrical) A geophysical method measuring the conductivity of rock; rockswith high conductivity (low resistivity) may contain metal ores or waterReverse fault Compressional fault that usually dips at around 45°(bet<strong>we</strong>en 30 and 60°)“Reversed” magnetism When the remnant magnetisation of rock, such as found inthe magnetic stripes on the ocean floors, is in the opposite direction to that of theEarth todayRidge Caused by tough rocks that normally dip at more than 10°, with steep slopes oneither sideRift valley <strong>The</strong> valley formed when the Earth’s crust is in tension, as at constructiveplate margins; as the rock is pulled apart, the central block slides down along normalfaults, creating a long valleyRipple marks (asymmetrical) Non-symmetrical ripple marks formed by flowing wateror wind; the steeper slope is in the down-current directionRipple marks (symmetrical) Ripple marks with equal slopes, formed by oscillatingwaves in shallow waterRock A naturally-occurring material composed of a mixture of minerals, fragments ofrock, and/or fossilsRock bolt Large bolts used to tie potentially hazardous loose rock sheets and fragmentsto a rock faceRock cycle Cycle of <strong>we</strong>athering and erosion, transportation, deposition, sedimentaryrock formation, metamorphism and igneous processes through which all rocks areformedRock texture <strong>The</strong> ways in which the grains of the rock fit together; linked to the shapes,sizes and orientations of the grainsRodinia An early ‘supercontinent’ of all the early landmasses about 1000 million yearsagoRounding <strong>The</strong> removal of sharp corners of angular grains and the smoothing of thesurface during sediment transportation; caused by attrition165
Saltation Sediment movement by fluid (water or wind) where the grains bounce alongthe bedSandstone A sedimentary rock of sand-grade sedimentSaturated zone <strong>The</strong> zone beneath the ground surface where all the pore spaces are fullof water; the top surface of the saturated zone is the water tableScarp and vale topography A series of cuestas formed in areas of alternating toughand <strong>we</strong>ak rocks of shallow dip (of usually less than 10°)Schist A metamorphic rock formed by medium-grade regional metamorphism; containsa coarse mineral foliation with garnet crystals sometimes visibleScree A slope of angular rock fragments accumulated beneath a rock faceSea Floor Spreading (<strong>The</strong>ory of) Harry Hess’ theory of the 1960s that the oceans<strong>we</strong>re young and that new ocean material was formed at oceanic ridges as the oceanfloor was moved apartSedimentary rock Rock made of sediments which are fragments of other rocks (mineralor rock fragments) or fossils; sometimes also laid down by the evaporation of waterSeismic gap <strong>The</strong> ‘locked’ part of a fault where no slippage has occurred recently; thisis the most likely site of a future earthquakeSeismic survey Method using shock waves to show the positions and shapes of the rocklayers beneath the surfaceShale A <strong>we</strong>ak laminated sedimentary rock of mud-grade sediment, that tends to fallapart in your handShallow focus earthquake An earthquake that originates bet<strong>we</strong>en 0 and 70 km belowthe surface; these occur at all plate margins but shallow focus earthquakes aloneoccur at constructive (divergent) and conservative (transform) plate marginsShotcrete A blanket of concrete used to cover and stabilize an unstable rock faceSilicic An igneous melt or rock rich in silica (silicon dioxide, SiO 2 )Sill An igneous intrusion that follows the bedding planes of rock, and so is parallel tothem; can be horizontal, tilted or even vertical, paralleling the beddingSite of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) A site in the UK protected by law for itsbiological or geological importanceSlate A metamorphic rock formed by low-grade regional metamorphism; contains slatyfoliation or cleavage166
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Basic Books in ScienceBook 6<strong
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BASIC BOOKS IN SCIENCE- a Series of
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BASIC BOOKS IN SCIENCE- a Series of
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Looking ahead - If you came across
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3.2 Plate tectonics (20th Century)
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1.30 Coal seams in an opencast coal
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3.4 Alfred Wegener, the polar explo
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5.14 A GPS remote volcano monitorin
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Figure 1.2:minerals.A sandstone roc
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Even diamond can have different col
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Figure 1.8: A red garnet crystal in
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Figure 1.12: Crystals of minerals i
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Hematite, Fe 2 O 3 - earthy red, me
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Figure 1.17: Sedimentary rocks show
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Figure 1.20: A close up view of a p
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Figure 1.26: Ancient wave ripple ma
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Figure 1.30: Coal seams in an openc
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Figure 1.32: Close up view of a pie
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Figure 1.35: A fossil colonial cora
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Figure 1.38: Fossil ammonites, indi
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Figure 1.39: ‘Massive’ igneous
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Figure 1.41: A close up view of a p
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Figure 1.44: A basalt flow that coo
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Figure 1.47: Deposit of volcanic as
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Figure 1.49: An old slate quarry, s
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Figure 1.51: Slate, a low-grade met
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Figure 1.53: Schist, a medium-grade
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Figure 1.56: Metaquartzite, produce
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Figure 1.58: A region of folded roc
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Figure 1.61: A normal fault. This s
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Figure 1.64: An unconformity. Older
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proper geological maps. Fossils hav
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Cephalopods are not extinct, but th
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Figure 1.68: A shelled cephalopod f
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You can try the rock sequencing pri
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Chapter 2Reading landscapes: how la
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Figure 2.3: Rock fragments loosened
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Figure 2.6: The jo
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Figure 2.10: The m
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are forming them. Similarly the sha
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Figure 2.19: This photo was taken f
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Figure 2.25: Dinosaur tracks conser
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• On coastal sections, whenever p
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found evidence that the Earth was a
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Figure 3.3: James Hutton, the ‘Fo
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Figure 3.5: A page of Wegener’s 1
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Figure 3.7: The st
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Figure 3.10: The r
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Figure 3.13: The m
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Figure 3.15: The S
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Figure 3.19: An ocean versus contin
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Figure 3.23: Map of the major tecto
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Figure 3.26: Global temperature cha
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Figure 3.29: A computer generated p
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Figure 3.31: The
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planet extended th
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Figure 4.1: William Smith’s geolo
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Millionsof yearsago (Ma)01000Some M
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ocks whilst the first definite plan
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Figure 4.9: The ch
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Figure 4.12: The 4
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Millionsof years Some Major Earth E
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Figure 5.2: Strike-slip movement (r
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Figure 5.4: The So
Page 129 and 130: Figure 5.6: An ash eruption rising
Page 131 and 132: Figure 5.10: A hazard zone map of t
Page 133 and 134: isk to humans. The
Page 135 and 136: Figure 5.14: A GPS (global satellit
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Page 139 and 140: Figure 5.17: A windfarm in Ireland.
Page 141 and 142: Figure 5.19: A beautifully preserve
Page 143 and 144: Another ‘missing link’ find has
Page 145 and 146: Figure 5.22: A dinosaur reconstruct
Page 147 and 148: Figure 5.25: A working aggregate-pr
Page 149 and 150: Figure 5.26: The E
Page 151 and 152: Chapter 6Understanding what geologi
Page 153 and 154: Figure 6.2: A drilling rig used for
Page 155 and 156: When an oil/gas field has been foun
Page 157 and 158: Figure 6.6: Groundwater flowing out
Page 159 and 160: Dam disaster in Italy, when the wav
Page 161 and 162: Figure 6.10: A slab foundation, bui
Page 163 and 164: An example of this is investigation
Page 165 and 166: GlossaryAbsolute age The</s
Page 167 and 168: Carbon capture The
Page 169 and 170: Crustal shortening This results of
Page 171 and 172: Evaporite deposits (or evaporites)
Page 173 and 174: Geophysical survey Using the method
Page 175 and 176: “Integrated waste management” <
Page 177 and 178: Metamorphism The r
Page 179: Pore spaces (or pores) Gaps bet<str
Page 183 and 184: Suspension Sediment movement by flu
Page 185 and 186: AcknowledgementsPermission to repri
Page 187 and 188: Figure 2.3 A scree slope. Photo ID:
Page 189 and 190: Figure 1.15a Hematite.Figure 1.15b
Page 191 and 192: Figure 1.28 Dune cross bedding in s
Page 193 and 194: Figure 3.18 An island arc volcano,
Page 195 and 196: Figure 5.21 Excavations at the dino
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