The planet we live on: The beginnings of the Earth Sciences

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Figure 1.46: A central vent volcano erupting intermediate magma violently as a billowingash cloud.31
Figure 1.47: Deposit of volcanic ash with small bombs in the upper layer.tens of kilometres across, are called plutons. Since plutons cool slowly, their rocks arealways coarse-grained. As they cool, the plutons heat up the surrounding rock, producingmetamorphic zones that can be hundreds of metres wide, called metamorphic aureoles.If the magma remains liquid, it can intrude higher into the crust, forcing its way throughcracks in the rock and along bedding planes as sheets of magma. <strong>The</strong> cooling of thismagma is much quicker, so the igneous rocks produced are normally medium-grained.<strong>The</strong> edges of these intrusions cool even faster, forming fine-grained chilled margins andheating the edges of the surrounding rock to form thin metamorphic zones called bakedmargins. <strong>The</strong> sheet-like igneous intrusions that cut across rocks are called dykes (Figure1.48) whilst sheets along bedding planes are sills.This range of igneous processes allows us to identify the igneous rocks and structuresyou might find in a rock face according to first principles. Plutons are deep slow-coolingintrusions which are often silicic (made of pale-coloured coarse-grained granite) or mafic(darker coloured coarse-grained gabbro). Dykes and sills are shallo<strong>we</strong>r tabular intrusionsthat are usually formed of medium-grained rocks. Mafic rocks that reach the surface involcanic fissures produce tabular or pillow basalts. Intermediate magmas erupt from centralvents forming andesitic lavas but also deposits of volcanic blocks and ash, whilst silicicmagmas produce huge volumes of volcanic blocks and ash in highly explosive eruptions.1.5 Metamorphic rocks - formed by heat and pressurein metamorphic processesMetamorphic rocks have been changed from their original rocks by great heat and/or pressuredeep in the Earth’s crust, but have not been heated up enough to melt them (if they32
Page 1 and 2: Basic Books in ScienceBook 6<strong
Page 3 and 4: BASIC BOOKS IN SCIENCE- a Series of
Page 5 and 6: BASIC BOOKS IN SCIENCE- a Series of
Page 7 and 8: Looking ahead - If you came across
Page 9 and 10: 3.2 Plate tectonics (20th Century)
Page 11 and 12: 1.30 Coal seams in an opencast coal
Page 13 and 14: 3.4 Alfred Wegener, the polar explo
Page 15 and 16: 5.14 A GPS remote volcano monitorin
Page 17 and 18: Figure 1.2:minerals.A sandstone roc
Page 19 and 20: Even diamond can have different col
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1.8: A red garnet crystal in
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1.12: Crystals of minerals i
Page 25 and 26: Hematite, Fe 2 O 3 - earthy red, me
Page 27 and 28: Figure 1.17: Sedimentary rocks show
Page 29 and 30: Figure 1.20: A close up view of a p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 1.26: Ancient wave ripple ma
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1.30: Coal seams in an openc
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.32: Close up view of a pie
Page 37 and 38: Figure 1.35: A fossil colonial cora
Page 39 and 40: Figure 1.38: Fossil ammonites, indi
Page 41 and 42: Figure 1.39: ‘Massive’ igneous
Page 43 and 44: Figure 1.41: A close up view of a p
Page 45: Figure 1.44: A basalt flow that coo
Page 49 and 50: Figure 1.49: An old slate quarry, s
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1.51: Slate, a low-grade met
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1.53: Schist, a medium-grade
Page 55 and 56: Figure 1.56: Metaquartzite, produce
Page 57 and 58: Figure 1.58: A region of folded roc
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1.61: A normal fault. This s
Page 61 and 62: Figure 1.64: An unconformity. Older
Page 63 and 64: proper geological maps. Fossils hav
Page 65 and 66: Cephalopods are not extinct, but th
Page 67 and 68: Figure 1.68: A shelled cephalopod f
Page 69 and 70: You can try the rock sequencing pri
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 2Reading landscapes: how la
Page 73 and 74: Figure 2.3: Rock fragments loosened
Page 75 and 76: Figure 2.6: The jo
Page 77 and 78: Figure 2.10: The m
Page 79 and 80: are forming them. Similarly the sha
Page 81 and 82: Figure 2.19: This photo was taken f
Page 83 and 84: Figure 2.25: Dinosaur tracks conser
Page 85 and 86: • On coastal sections, whenever p
Page 87 and 88: found evidence that the Earth was a
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3.3: James Hutton, the ‘Fo
Page 91 and 92: Figure 3.5: A page of Wegener’s 1
Page 93 and 94: Figure 3.7: The st
Page 95 and 96: Figure 3.10: The r
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Figure 3.13: The m
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Figure 3.15: The S
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Figure 3.19: An ocean versus contin
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Figure 3.23: Map of the major tecto
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Figure 3.26: Global temperature cha
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Figure 3.29: A computer generated p
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Figure 3.31: The
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planet extended th
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Figure 4.1: William Smith’s geolo
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Millionsof yearsago (Ma)01000Some M
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ocks whilst the first definite plan
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Figure 4.9: The ch
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Figure 4.12: The 4
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Millionsof years Some Major Earth E
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Figure 5.2: Strike-slip movement (r
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Figure 5.4: The So
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Figure 5.6: An ash eruption rising
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Figure 5.10: A hazard zone map of t
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isk to humans. The
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Figure 5.14: A GPS (global satellit
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None of these methods has yet prove
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Figure 5.17: A windfarm in Ireland.
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Figure 5.19: A beautifully preserve
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Another ‘missing link’ find has
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Figure 5.22: A dinosaur reconstruct
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Figure 5.25: A working aggregate-pr
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Figure 5.26: The E
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Chapter 6Understanding what geologi
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Figure 6.2: A drilling rig used for
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When an oil/gas field has been foun
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Figure 6.6: Groundwater flowing out
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Dam disaster in Italy, when the wav
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Figure 6.10: A slab foundation, bui
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An example of this is investigation
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GlossaryAbsolute age The</s
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Carbon capture The
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Crustal shortening This results of
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Evaporite deposits (or evaporites)
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Geophysical survey Using the method
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“Integrated waste management” <
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Metamorphism The r
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Pore spaces (or pores) Gaps bet<str
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Saltation Sediment movement by flui
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Suspension Sediment movement by flu
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AcknowledgementsPermission to repri
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Figure 2.3 A scree slope. Photo ID:
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Figure 1.15a Hematite.Figure 1.15b
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Figure 1.28 Dune cross bedding in s
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Figure 3.18 An island arc volcano,
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Figure 5.21 Excavations at the dino
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