The planet we live on: The beginnings of the Earth Sciences

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Heat engine A pump and heat exchangers used to extract heat from the ground or theair to heat buildings; can be reversed to add heat to the surroundings in order tocool buildingsHeating of hydrocarbon source rocks Rocks have to be heated to release hydrocarbons;most gas and oil are released bet<strong>we</strong>en 100 and 200°C; above 200°C they aredestroyedHeavy mineral survey Stream or soil survey for minerals of higher density than average,such as diamond, gold or ilmenite (titanium ore)Hematite An iron-containing mineral (Fe 2 O 3 ), earthy red, metallic lustre, feels dense,red streak, usually hard, often found in irregular massesHominid <strong>The</strong> family (group) of primate species, of which Homo sapiens is the only oneliving; all the other hominid species have become extinctHydrocarbon <strong>The</strong> fossil fuels, coal, crude oil, and natural gasHydrocarbon reservoir rock Rock with enough pore space and permeability to holdhydrocarbons and to allow them to flow outHydrocarbon source rock Rock from which crude oil or natural gas originally came;the decay of plankton in mudstones/shales produced oil and some gas whilst mostgas comes from coalHydrocarbon trap <strong>The</strong> shape of a formation that can trap hydrocarbons underground;includes anticlinal, fault and unconformity traps and traps associated with saltdomesHydrogeology Study of subsurface water, called groundwaterHydrology Study of the whole of the water cycle, both above and below groundHydrothermal fluid Hot watery liquid produced by some magmas and by the heatingof rocks deep underground; rises and cools to crystallise mineralsIgneous rock Rock formed by the cooling of liquid magma or lavaImpermeable A material that fluids cannot flow throughIncluded fragments (law of) <strong>The</strong> stratigraphic law that anything (e.g. pebbles in conglomerates,fragments of the surrounding rock in plutons) included in anything elsemust be olderInfiltration (of water) Water percolating down into the ground surface, usually fromsurface precipitation (rain, snow, etc.)159
“Integrated waste management” <strong>The</strong> modern landfill method involving the “reduce,reuse, recycle” approach; remaining waste is disposed of using “concentrate andcontain” methodsIntermediate An igneous melt or rock rich in neither magnesium/iron nor silicon; theseelements have roughly equal ratiosIntermediate depth earthquake An earthquake that originates bet<strong>we</strong>en 70 and 300km below the surface; these occur only at destructive convergent plate margins,where plates are subductedIntrusion Magma that has penetrated rocks underground and has solidified thereIntrusive (magma or igneous rock) Intrusion is the penetration of magma into rocksunderground, which subsequently solidifiesJoint A fracture which is usually straight, where the rock on either side has not movedrelative to the other (and so is not a fault); often found as groups of parallel jointstogether, in joint setsKeeling Curve <strong>The</strong> graph showing the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmospheresince 1958, first measured by Charles KeelingLagerstätten (exceptional preservation) Unusual examples in the fossil record wheregroups of fossils are very <strong>we</strong>ll preserved, usually with many of their soft parts attached;from German meaning ‘place of storage’Lahar A ‘mudflow’ of volcanic material, predominantly ash with blocks; lahars flowlike liquid concrete at tens of kilometres per hour (even though they are flows ofpyroclastic materials, the term ‘pyroclastic flow’ has a different meaning)Lamination Thin layer of mud; can be formed into laminated mudstone or shaleLandfill Material such as domestic refuse (trash or garbage) or other waste buried indisused quarries, pits or other depressions in the landscapeLandfill membrane <strong>The</strong> impermeable plastic liner used to line permeable landfill sitesLandslide (or landslip) <strong>The</strong> downslope movement of geological materials; landslidescan be slow or catastrophically quick, and include rock fall, slips, slides and flowsof materialLandslip (or landslide) <strong>The</strong> downslope movement of geological materials; landslips canbe slow or catastrophically quick, and include rock fall, slips, slides and flows ofmaterialLateral continuity (principle of) <strong>The</strong> stratigraphic principle that strata <strong>we</strong>re originallydeposited in laterally continuous sheets over large areas160
Page 1 and 2:
Basic Books in ScienceBook 6<strong
Page 3 and 4:
BASIC BOOKS IN SCIENCE- a Series of
Page 5 and 6:
BASIC BOOKS IN SCIENCE- a Series of
Page 7 and 8:
Looking ahead - If you came across
Page 9 and 10:
3.2 Plate tectonics (20th Century)
Page 11 and 12:
1.30 Coal seams in an opencast coal
Page 13 and 14:
3.4 Alfred Wegener, the polar explo
Page 15 and 16:
5.14 A GPS remote volcano monitorin
Page 17 and 18:
Figure 1.2:minerals.A sandstone roc
Page 19 and 20:
Even diamond can have different col
Page 21 and 22:
Figure 1.8: A red garnet crystal in
Page 23 and 24:
Figure 1.12: Crystals of minerals i
Page 25 and 26:
Hematite, Fe 2 O 3 - earthy red, me
Page 27 and 28:
Figure 1.17: Sedimentary rocks show
Page 29 and 30:
Figure 1.20: A close up view of a p
Page 31 and 32:
Figure 1.26: Ancient wave ripple ma
Page 33 and 34:
Figure 1.30: Coal seams in an openc
Page 35 and 36:
Figure 1.32: Close up view of a pie
Page 37 and 38:
Figure 1.35: A fossil colonial cora
Page 39 and 40:
Figure 1.38: Fossil ammonites, indi
Page 41 and 42:
Figure 1.39: ‘Massive’ igneous
Page 43 and 44:
Figure 1.41: A close up view of a p
Page 45 and 46:
Figure 1.44: A basalt flow that coo
Page 47 and 48:
Figure 1.47: Deposit of volcanic as
Page 49 and 50:
Figure 1.49: An old slate quarry, s
Page 51 and 52:
Figure 1.51: Slate, a low-grade met
Page 53 and 54:
Figure 1.53: Schist, a medium-grade
Page 55 and 56:
Figure 1.56: Metaquartzite, produce
Page 57 and 58:
Figure 1.58: A region of folded roc
Page 59 and 60:
Figure 1.61: A normal fault. This s
Page 61 and 62:
Figure 1.64: An unconformity. Older
Page 63 and 64:
proper geological maps. Fossils hav
Page 65 and 66:
Cephalopods are not extinct, but th
Page 67 and 68:
Figure 1.68: A shelled cephalopod f
Page 69 and 70:
You can try the rock sequencing pri
Page 71 and 72:
Chapter 2Reading landscapes: how la
Page 73 and 74:
Figure 2.3: Rock fragments loosened
Page 75 and 76:
Figure 2.6: The jo
Page 77 and 78:
Figure 2.10: The m
Page 79 and 80:
are forming them. Similarly the sha
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 2.19: This photo was taken f
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 2.25: Dinosaur tracks conser
Page 85 and 86:
• On coastal sections, whenever p
Page 87 and 88:
found evidence that the Earth was a
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 3.3: James Hutton, the ‘Fo
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 3.5: A page of Wegener’s 1
Page 93 and 94:
Figure 3.7: The st
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 3.10: The r
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 3.13: The m
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 3.15: The S
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 3.19: An ocean versus contin
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 3.23: Map of the major tecto
Page 105 and 106:
Figure 3.26: Global temperature cha
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 3.29: A computer generated p
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 3.31: The
Page 111 and 112:
planet extended th
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 4.1: William Smith’s geolo
Page 115 and 116:
Millionsof yearsago (Ma)01000Some M
Page 117 and 118:
ocks whilst the first definite plan
Page 119 and 120:
Figure 4.9: The ch
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 4.12: The 4
Page 123 and 124: Millionsof years Some Major Earth E
Page 125 and 126: Figure 5.2: Strike-slip movement (r
Page 127 and 128: Figure 5.4: The So
Page 129 and 130: Figure 5.6: An ash eruption rising
Page 131 and 132: Figure 5.10: A hazard zone map of t
Page 133 and 134: isk to humans. The
Page 135 and 136: Figure 5.14: A GPS (global satellit
Page 137 and 138: None of these methods has yet prove
Page 139 and 140: Figure 5.17: A windfarm in Ireland.
Page 141 and 142: Figure 5.19: A beautifully preserve
Page 143 and 144: Another ‘missing link’ find has
Page 145 and 146: Figure 5.22: A dinosaur reconstruct
Page 147 and 148: Figure 5.25: A working aggregate-pr
Page 149 and 150: Figure 5.26: The E
Page 151 and 152: Chapter 6Understanding what geologi
Page 153 and 154: Figure 6.2: A drilling rig used for
Page 155 and 156: When an oil/gas field has been foun
Page 157 and 158: Figure 6.6: Groundwater flowing out
Page 159 and 160: Dam disaster in Italy, when the wav
Page 161 and 162: Figure 6.10: A slab foundation, bui
Page 163 and 164: An example of this is investigation
Page 165 and 166: GlossaryAbsolute age The</s
Page 167 and 168: Carbon capture The
Page 169 and 170: Crustal shortening This results of
Page 171 and 172: Evaporite deposits (or evaporites)
Page 173: Geophysical survey Using the method
Page 177 and 178: Metamorphism The r
Page 179 and 180: Pore spaces (or pores) Gaps bet<str
Page 181 and 182: Saltation Sediment movement by flui
Page 183 and 184: Suspension Sediment movement by flu
Page 185 and 186: AcknowledgementsPermission to repri
Page 187 and 188: Figure 2.3 A scree slope. Photo ID:
Page 189 and 190: Figure 1.15a Hematite.Figure 1.15b
Page 191 and 192: Figure 1.28 Dune cross bedding in s
Page 193 and 194: Figure 3.18 An island arc volcano,
Page 195 and 196: Figure 5.21 Excavations at the dino
show all

The planet we live on: The beginnings of the Earth Sciences

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?