Human Resources in Canada's Built Heritage Sector: Mapping the ...

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MAPPING THE WORK FORCE AND SETTING STRATEGIC PRIORITIES3. The Built Heritage Sector:Scope and TrendsOur built heritage is the physical manifestation of our communities’ collective past. Canada’s built heritageconsists of structures and sites recognized by public authorities for defined characteristics on the basis of theirarchitectural, historical and community significance. Although age is nominally a factor in recognizing aheritage structure, with public authorities often setting a forty or fifty-year age as a qualifying criterion, theage factor is a constantly changing variable.Fundamentally, heritage buildings and sites relate to all aspects of human settlement and habitation,including residential, institutional, commercial and industrial properties. Built heritage embraces all sizesand classes of structure, from the “high-style” architecturally-designed buildings to the vernacular buildingsconstructed without formal plans, using traditional methods and materials. In addition to individualstructures and sites, built heritage can also include clusters of buildings, historic districts or may be part of acultural landscape.Legislative and government action to protect historic places began in Canada following the First WorldWar. Since the 1960s, federal and provincial/territorial statutes, municipal by-laws, regulations and policieshave constituted the official mechanisms by which recognition has been given to heritage structures. Thescope, number and types of these regulatory tools have expanded greatly over the past forty years.Heritage conservation laws provide the principal authority for the recognition and protection of builtheritage, often through a ‘designation’ procedure.All governments - municipal, provincial, territorial, federal, have developed a range of incentive programs topromote heritage conservation. These include: grants, municipal and provincial tax relief programs, sales taxrelief programs, and federal financial incentive programs. Governments also use their regulatory powers toprotect heritage properties through project review, zoning, planning and in certain instances, through theadoption of building codes that specifically reference built heritage. Governments and heritage conservationstakeholder organizations also actively promote our build heritage as an opportunity for the futureeconomic expansion through tourism, community renewal and ‘smart growth.’Our built heritage engages businesses and the community. A small but increasing number of propertydevelopers are actively involved in heritage conservation projects. As this report will describe. there are agrowing number of professionals and tradespersons who are specialized in heritage conservation.Supporting this work are heritage stakeholder organizations that actively promote heritage values at thenational, provincial and community level.From a modest and fragmented beginning, built heritage has evolved into a distinct sector engaged in the socialcultural, economic and physical development of communities in Canada.Canada’s built heritage includes:• the pool of historic sites and structures managed by all three levels of government or their associatedheritage bodies,• the pool of sites and structures (both public and private) currently registered with heritage bodies atthe federal, provincial or municipal level,• other public buildings or districts constructed approximately 40 years prior which have architecturalor historical significance,©CULTURAL HUMAN RESOURCES COUNCIL7
HUMAN RESOURCES IN CANADA’S BUILT HERITAGE SECTOR• certain types of civil structures constructed approximately 40 years prior, e.g., bridges, which havearchitectural or historical significance,• privately owned, non-residential buildings constructed approximately 40 years prior which havearchitectural or historical significance,• residential buildings constructed approximately 40 years prior which have architectural or historicalsignificance,• landscaped space associated with heritage structures,• some structures (private and public) constructed more recently which reflect particular architecturalqualities.The Canadian Register of Historic Places (CRHP) currently lists over 1,200 historic places. However, theCRHP estimates that as many as 20,000 historic places may meet its criteria for registration. 2 Variousprovincial and municipal registries also include many more listed sites. One estimate put the number ofheritage buildings or sites under some degree of legal protection at 158,296 in 2000. 3 A study for CMHCestimated that in 1997, 15.1% of dwellings were constructed prior to 1941. Of these, two-thirds were builtbefore 1921. We have no reliable basis for estimating what proportion of these pre-1941 residential structuresshould be classified as heritage structures. An earlier CMHC study found that, that 38.4% of pre-1941dwellings were in need of major repair, suggesting that there is a considerable degree of deterioration inthe pre-1941 housing stock. 4In 1999, the Department of Canadian Heritage commissioned a review of heritage buildings that are listedin the Canadian Inventory of Heritage Buildings. Based on a sampling of these buildings, the review concludedthat 20% of the buildings had been lost since the 1970’s. The rate of loss was significantly higher incommercial buildings in larger urban centres. 5Park’s Canada’s Standards and Guidelines for the Conservation of Historic Places in Canada describes thetypes of work related to built heritage sites. This terminology is now widely used in the built heritage sector.2 Canada’s Historic Places: http://www.historicplaces.caParks Canada - Standards and Guidelines for the Conservation of Historic Places in Canada defines a historic place as “a structure,building, group of buildings, district, landscape, archaeological site or other place in Canada that has been formally recognizedfor its heritage value.” Heritage value is defined as “the aesthetic, historic, scientific, cultural, social or spiritual importance orsignificance for past, present or future generations. The heritage value of a historic place is embodied in its character-definingmaterials, forms, location, spatial configurations, uses and cultural associations or meanings.”3 Margaret Carter, Towards a National Trust, Proceedings, Heritage Canada Foundation Conference, September 14-17, 2000Calgary p 324 CMHC, Research and Development Highlights, October 1991, p 25 Heritage Canada, CIHB Revisited, 1999. Heritage Research Associates8©CULTURAL HUMAN RESOURCES COUNCIL
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