Guidelines Dietary - Eat For Health

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Table 4.2: Factors associated with duration of exclusive breastfeedingAssociation with longer durationof exclusive breastfeedingConsistently positiveConsistently negativeEffect varies in different culturesFactor• Higher level of maternal education• Support of midwives and community health professionals• Father’s preference for breastfeeding• Doctors’ support of breastfeeding• Pleasant birth experience (minimal complications)• Greater breastfeeding knowledge• Rural environment• Time decision to breastfeed is made (preferably before pregnancyor early in pregnancy)• Lower socioeconomic background• <strong>For</strong>mula supplementation in maternity ward• Mother’s intention to use supplementation• Previous breastfeeding experience short-term (
4.2.3 Cardiovascular disease and excess weight• Blood pressure: There is probable evidence that infants who are breastfed exclusively in the first few monthsof life have a lower adult systolic and diastolic blood pressure (approximately 1.5/0.5 mmHg) compared withthose who are formula-fed (Grade B; Evidence Report, Section 23.1).• Total and LDL cholesterol: Recent evidence suggests that being breastfed initially, and particularly exclusivelybreastfed, is associated with lower total and LDL concentrations in adult life when compared with beingformula-fed (Grade C; Evidence Report, Section 23.1).• Excess weight: There is convincing evidence that compared with being formula-fed, being breastfed is associatedwith reduced risk of infants becoming obese in childhood, adolescence and early adulthood (Grade A; EvidenceReport, Section 17.2). The protection offered by breastfeeding appears to increase with duration of breastfeedingand plateaus at 9 months. 900,901Evidence of an association between the age of introduction of solid foods and risk of overweight in childrenyounger than age 7 years is inconclusive (Evidence Report, Section 19.1).4.2.4 Other benefits• Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): There is evidence to suggest that breastfeeding reduces the riskof SIDS (Grade C; Evidence Report, Section 23.4).• Gastrointestinal infection: There is probable evidence that infants who are exclusively breastfed for6 months experience less morbidity from gastrointestinal infection than those who are mixed breastfed asof age 3–4 months (Grade B; Evidence Report, Section 23.2). Factors in breast milk such as secretory IgA,oligosaccharides and lactoferrin may protect the infant from various infections through passive immunity. 657• Asthma: Recent evidence suggests an association between breastfeeding and lower incidence of asthma(Grade C; Evidence Report, Section 23.3). Data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children suggest astrong and significant protective effect of breastfeeding on wheezing and asthma in infancy, which increaseswith increasing breastfeeding duration.• Atopic disease: Recent evidence also suggests an association between breastfeeding and protection againstatopic disease (Grade C; Evidence Report, Section 23.3).• Lactational amenorrhea: There is probable evidence that women who exclusively breastfeed for 6 monthsexperience more prolonged lactational amenorrhea, with a delay in the return of fertility (Grade B; EvidenceReport, Section 23.2), which may be a benefit for some women. Lactational amenorrhoea is a commonlyused form of contraception. 902-904• Allergy: The evidence for an association between a delay in introduction of solid foods until after the age of6 months and risk of developing allergic syndromes is inconclusive (Evidence Report, Section 19.2).Guideline 4• Other benefits for infants: Additional benefits for infants who are breastfed compared with those who areformula-fed, in both developed and developing countries, 874,905 may include:––protection against respiratory infection and reduced prevalence of asthma 906––reduced occurrence and recurrence of otitis media 905––protection against neonatal necrotising enterocolitits, bacteraemia-meningitis and urinary tractinfection 874,907––reduced risk of autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes 905––lower rates of coeliac disease, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis 908––improved visual acuity, psychomotor development and cognitive development 880,909––reduced malocclusion as a result of better jaw shape and development 910––improved mother and infant bonding and attachment. 91192EAT FOR HEALTH – australian dietary guidelinesNational <strong>Health</strong> and Medical Research Council
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EAT FOR HEALTHAustralianDietaryGuid
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2013Pa
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Australian Dietary GuidelinesGuidel
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GUIDELINE 2• Enjoy a wide variety
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guideline 5• Food safety 975.1 Se
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Table A2: Mean daily intakes of ene
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More recent evidence from Western s
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Relationship between the documents
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In this way, the Evidence Report wa
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Challenges for adoption of the Guid
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Australian Guide to Healthy EatingA
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Guideline 11.1 Setting the sceneA h
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Guideline 1UnderweightWhile the gre
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Guideline 1Figure 1.2: Mean energy
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Evidence statementBabies born to mo
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• Childhood weight gain: There is
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Given the scope of the Guidelines,
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Appropriate steady weight gain duri
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Dietary restriction beyond prudent
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1.5 Practice guide for Guideline 1T
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2.1 Enjoy a wide variety of nutriti
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Pregnant and breastfeeding womenCon
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2.2 Enjoy plenty of vegetables, inc
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• Prostate cancer: The evidence s
Page 53 and 54: The following studies relate primar
Page 55 and 56: Dietary fibre from vegetables and f
Page 57 and 58: Children and adolescentsThe recomme
Page 59 and 60: Cancer• Colorectal cancer: There
Page 61 and 62: Based on current consumption data,
Page 63 and 64: disaggregate possibly different eff
Page 65 and 66: CancerNo recent studies investigati
Page 67 and 68: Based on most recent consumption da
Page 69 and 70: 2.5 Enjoy milk, yoghurt, cheese and
Page 71 and 72: Other conditionsThe traditional nut
Page 73 and 74: The 1995 National Nutrition Survey
Page 75 and 76: Reviews have also shown an associat
Page 77 and 78: 2.7 Practice guide for Guideline 2T
Page 80 and 81: GUIDELINE 3Limit intake of foods co
Page 82 and 83: 3.1.2 The evidence for ‘limit int
Page 84 and 85: 3.1.3 How limiting intake of foods
Page 86 and 87: InfantsFor infants under the age of
Page 88 and 89: Bone healthEvidence suggesting an a
Page 92 and 93: 3.3.4 Practical considerations: lim
Page 96 and 97: 3.4.3 How limiting intake of alcoho
Page 98: 3.5 Practice guide for Guideline 3T
Page 101 and 102: 4.1 Setting the sceneThe World Heal
Page 103: 4.2.1 Breastfeeding incidence and d
Page 107 and 108: Lower socioeconomic status mothersW
Page 109 and 110: 4.4 Practice guide for Guideline 4T
Page 111 and 112: 5.1 Setting the sceneFoodborne illn
Page 113 and 114: 5.4.2 InfantsThe immune system of i
Page 115 and 116: A1Social distribution of diet-relat
Page 117 and 118: • Consumption of milk and milk pr
Page 119 and 120: Food intake, diet and nutritional s
Page 121 and 122: The prevalence of health risk facto
Page 123 and 124: Table B2: Members of the Working Co
Page 125 and 126: The evidence was assessed according
Page 127 and 128: As part of the consultation process
Page 129 and 130: Expert reviewThe Guidelines underwe
Page 131 and 132: 1995 - The Core Food GroupsThe Core
Page 133 and 134: Appendix DQuestions for the literat
Page 135 and 136: Umbrella review questions1. What di
Page 137 and 138: Appendix ESummary of evidence state
Page 139 and 140: Evidence statementGradeFruitThe eff
Page 141 and 142: Limited - no conclusionEvidence is
Page 143 and 144: Appendix GFood, nutrition and envir
Page 145 and 146: Figure G1: Examples of environmenta
Page 147 and 148: G4Australia’s progress toward a s
Page 149 and 150: It is suggested that by 2011, 125 c
Page 151 and 152: Appendix IPhysical activity guideli
Page 153 and 154: Appendix JStudies examining the hea
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Appendix KAlcohol and energy intake
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Cholesterol: Cholesterol, chemicall
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Limit: Limit is used to emphasise t
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Salt: Dietary salt is an inorganic
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Acronyms and abbreviationsADHDAIDSA
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References1. Rayner M, Scarborough
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37. National Health and Medical Res
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75. Taveras EM, Berkey CS, Rifas-Sh
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112. Olds TS, Tomkinson GR, Ferrar
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153. Rangan AM, Schindeler S, Hecto
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192. Stookey JD, Constant F, Gardne
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231. Hyson DA, Schneeman BO, Davis
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271. Marks GC, Coyne C, Pang G. Typ
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312. Cunningham J, O’Dea K, Dunba
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355. Burns C, Inglis A. Measuring f
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392. Harland JI, Haffner TA. System
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433. Northern Territory Government.
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473. Aune D, Chan DSM, Lau R, Vieir
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512. Ness A, Maynard M, Frankel S,
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550. Vislocky LM, Pikosky MA, Rubin
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588. Sellers TA, Vierkant RA, Djeu
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628. Rosner SA, Åkesson A, Stampfe
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669. Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB,
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705. Mamalakis G, Kiriakakis M, Tsi
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743. Cook NR, Cutler JA, Obarzanek
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782. Balakrishnan M, Simmonds RS, T
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820. Newcomb PA, Nichols HB, Beasle
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862. Australian Institute of Health
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903. Romero-Gutiérrez G, Vaca-Orti
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942. Käferstein F, Abdussalam M. F
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985. Centre for Epidemiology and Re
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1025. Lee A, Bonson A, Yarmirr D, O
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1066. Natural Resource Management M
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1106. Liu Y, Sobue T, Otani T, Tsug
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Notes
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www.nhmrc.gov.auwww.eatforhealth.go
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Guidelines Dietary - Eat For Health

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