705. Mamalakis G, Kiriakakis M, Tsibinos G, Hatzis C, Flouri S, Mantzoros C et al. Depression and serumadiponectin and adipose omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in adolescents. Pharmacol Biochem Behav2006;85(2):474–79.706. Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, Tangney CC, Bennett DA, Wilson RS et al. Consumption of fish and n-3fatty acids and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2003;60(7):940–46.707. Hiroi M, Nagahara Y, Miyauchi R, Misaki Y, Goda T, Kasezawa N et al. The combination of genetic variationsin the PRDX3 gene and dietary fat intake contribute to obesity risk. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010.708. Fantuzzi G. Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;115(5):911–19.709. Jain SS, Bird RP. Elevated expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling molecules in colonic tumorsof Zucker obese (fa/fa) rats. Int J Cancer 2010;127(9):2042–50.710. Renehan AG, Soerjomataram I, Tyson M, Egger M, Zwahlen M, Coebergh JW et al. Incident cancer burdenattributable to excess body mass index in 30 European countries. Int J Cancer 2010;126(3):692–702.711. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA et al. Harmonizing the metabolicsyndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task <strong>For</strong>ce on Epidemiologyand Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World HeartFederation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity.Circulation 2009;120(16):1640–5.712. Baghurst K. <strong>Dietary</strong> fats, marbling and human health. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture2004;44:635-44.713. National Heart Foundation of Australia (National Blood Pressure and Vascular Disease AdvisoryCommittee). Guide to management of hypertension. National Heart Foundation of Australia; 2008.714. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG et al. The effect of pravastatin oncoronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med1996;335(14):1001–9.715. Ramsden CE, Hibbeln JR, Majchrzak SF, Davis JM. n-6 fatty acid-specific and mixed polyunsaturatedietary interventions have different effects on CHD risk: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Br J Nutr 2010;104(11):1586–600.716. Brown MA, Storlien LH, Huang X-F, Tapsell LC, Else PL, Higgins JA et al. <strong>Dietary</strong> fat and carbohydratecomposition: Metabolic disease. In: Montmayeur J-P, leCoutre J, eds. Fat detection: taste, texture andpost ingestive effects. Florida: CRC Press 2010.717. Galli C, Calder PC. Effects of fat and fatty acid intake on inflammatory and immune responses: a criticalreview. Ann Nutr Metab 2009;55(1-3):123–39.718. Crawford MA, Bazinet RP, Sinclair AJ. Fat intake and CNS functioning: ageing and disease. Ann NutrMetab 2009;55(1-3):202–28.719. Daniels SR, Greer FR. Lipid screening and cardiovascular health in childhood. Pediatrics 2008;122(1):198–208.720. McGill HC, McMahan CA, Gidding SS. Are pediatricians responsible for prevention of adult cardiovasculardisease? Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2009;6(1):10–1.721. Niinikoski H, Lagstrom H, Jokinen E, Siltala M, Ronnemaa T, Viikari J et al. Impact of repeated dietarycounseling between infancy and 14 years of age on dietary intakes and serum lipids and lipoproteins:the STRIP study. Circulation 2007;116(9):1032.722. Clarke R, Emberson JR, Parish S, Palmer A, Shipley M, Linksted P et al. Cholesterol fractionsand apolipoproteins as risk factors for heart disease mortality in older men. Arch Intern Med2007;167(13):1373–8.723. U.S. Department of <strong>Health</strong>, Education, Welfare. <strong>Health</strong>y People - The Surgeon General’s report on healthpromotion and disease prevention Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of <strong>Health</strong>, Education and Welfare,1979. http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/NNBBGK.pdfReferencesNational <strong>Health</strong> and Medical Research Council189
724. Jürgens G, Graudal Niels A. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin,aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterols, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004(1).725. Hooper L, Bartlett C, Davey SG, Ebrahim S, Davey SG. Advice to reduce dietary salt for prevention ofcardiovascular disease.[update of Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD003656; PMID: 12917977].Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004(1):CD003656.726. He FJ, MacGregor GA. Effect of longer-term modest salt reduction on blood pressure. Cochrane DatabaseSyst Rev 2004(3):CD004937.727. Geleijnse JM, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE. Impact of dietary and lifestyle factors on the prevalence ofhypertension in Western populations. Eur J Public <strong>Health</strong> 2004;14(3):235–39.728. Chen J, Gu D, Huang J, Rao DC, Jaquish CE, Hixson JE et al. Metabolic syndrome and salt sensitivityof blood pressure in non-diabetic people in China: a dietary intervention study.[see comment]. Lancet2009;373(9666):829–35.729. Charlton KE, Steyn K, Levitt NS, Peer N, Jonathan D, Gogela T et al. A food-based dietary strategy lowersblood pressure in a low socio-economic setting: a randomised study in South Africa. Public <strong>Health</strong> Nutr2008;11(12):1397–406.730. China Salt Substitute Study Collaborative G. Salt substitution: a low-cost strategy for blood pressurecontrol among rural Chinese. A randomized, controlled trial.[see comment]. J Hypertens 2007;25(10):2011–8.731. Takahashi Y, Sasaki S, Okubo S, Hayashi M, Tsugane S. Blood pressure change in a free-living populationbaseddietary modification study in Japan. J Hypertens 2006;24(3):451–58.732. Robertson JI, Robertson JIS. <strong>Dietary</strong> salt and hypertension: a scientific issue or a matter of faith? J EvalClin Pract 2003;9(1):1–22.733. Obarzanek E, Proschan MA, Vollmer WM, Moore TJ, Sacks FM, Appel LJ et al. Individual blood pressureresponses to changes in salt intake: results from the DASH-Sodium trial.[see comment]. Hypertension2003;42(4):459–67.734. Nowson CA, Wattanapenpaiboon N, Pachett A, Nowson CA, Wattanapenpaiboon N, Pachett A. Low-sodiumdietary approaches to stop hypertension-type diet including lean red meat lowers blood pressure inpostmenopausal women. Nutr Res 2009;29(1):8–18.735. Melander O, von Wowern F, Frandsen E, Burri P, Willsteen G, Aurell M et al. Moderate salt restrictioneffectively lowers blood pressure and degree of salt sensitivity is related to baseline concentration ofrenin and N-terminal atrial natriuretic peptide in plasma. J Hypertens 2007;25(3):619–27.736. Kawano Y, Ando K, Matsuura H, Tsuchihashi T, Fujita T, Ueshima H et al. Report of the working group fordietary salt reduction of the Japanese Society of Hypertension: (1) Rationale for salt restriction and saltrestrictiontarget level for the management of hypertension. Hypertens Res Clin Exp 2007;30(10):879–86.737. Geleijnse JM, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE. Blood pressure response to changes in sodium and potassium intake:a metaregression analysis of randomised trials. J Hum Hypertens 2003;17(7):471–80.738. Dickinson KM, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Effects of a low-salt diet on flow-mediated dilatation in humans.Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(2):485–90.739. Dickinson BD, Havas S. Reducing the population burden of cardiovascular disease by reducing sodiumintake: a report of the council on science and public health. Arch Intern Med 2007;167(14):1460–68.740. Geleijnse JM, Grobbee DE. High salt intake early in life: does it increase the risk of hypertension?J Hypertens 2002;20(11):2121–24.741. Beevers DG. The epidemiology of salt and hypertension. Clinical Autonomic Research 2002;12(5):353–7.742. Chang HY, Hu YW, Yue CS, Wen YW, Yeh WT, Hsu LS et al. Effect of potassium-enriched salt oncardiovascular mortality and medical expenses of elderly men. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(6):1289–96.190EAT FOR HEALTH – australian dietary guidelinesNational <strong>Health</strong> and Medical Research Council
- Page 1 and 2:
EAT FOR HEALTHAustralianDietaryGuid
- Page 3 and 4:
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013Pa
- Page 6:
Australian Dietary GuidelinesGuidel
- Page 9 and 10:
GUIDELINE 2• Enjoy a wide variety
- Page 11 and 12:
guideline 5• Food safety 975.1 Se
- Page 13 and 14:
Table A2: Mean daily intakes of ene
- Page 15 and 16:
More recent evidence from Western s
- Page 17 and 18:
Relationship between the documents
- Page 19 and 20:
In this way, the Evidence Report wa
- Page 21 and 22:
Challenges for adoption of the Guid
- Page 23 and 24:
Australian Guide to Healthy EatingA
- Page 25 and 26:
Guideline 11.1 Setting the sceneA h
- Page 27 and 28:
Guideline 1UnderweightWhile the gre
- Page 29 and 30:
Guideline 1Figure 1.2: Mean energy
- Page 32 and 33:
Evidence statementBabies born to mo
- Page 34 and 35:
• Childhood weight gain: There is
- Page 36 and 37:
Given the scope of the Guidelines,
- Page 38 and 39:
Appropriate steady weight gain duri
- Page 40 and 41:
Dietary restriction beyond prudent
- Page 42:
1.5 Practice guide for Guideline 1T
- Page 45 and 46:
2.1 Enjoy a wide variety of nutriti
- Page 47 and 48:
Pregnant and breastfeeding womenCon
- Page 49 and 50:
2.2 Enjoy plenty of vegetables, inc
- Page 51 and 52:
• Prostate cancer: The evidence s
- Page 53 and 54:
The following studies relate primar
- Page 55 and 56:
Dietary fibre from vegetables and f
- Page 57 and 58:
Children and adolescentsThe recomme
- Page 59 and 60:
Cancer• Colorectal cancer: There
- Page 61 and 62:
Based on current consumption data,
- Page 63 and 64:
disaggregate possibly different eff
- Page 65 and 66:
CancerNo recent studies investigati
- Page 67 and 68:
Based on most recent consumption da
- Page 69 and 70:
2.5 Enjoy milk, yoghurt, cheese and
- Page 71 and 72:
Other conditionsThe traditional nut
- Page 73 and 74:
The 1995 National Nutrition Survey
- Page 75 and 76:
Reviews have also shown an associat
- Page 77 and 78:
2.7 Practice guide for Guideline 2T
- Page 80 and 81:
GUIDELINE 3Limit intake of foods co
- Page 82 and 83:
3.1.2 The evidence for ‘limit int
- Page 84 and 85:
3.1.3 How limiting intake of foods
- Page 86 and 87:
InfantsFor infants under the age of
- Page 88 and 89:
Bone healthEvidence suggesting an a
- Page 90 and 91:
3.3.2 The evidence for ‘limit int
- Page 92 and 93:
3.3.4 Practical considerations: lim
- Page 94 and 95:
3.4.2 The evidence for ‘limit int
- Page 96 and 97:
3.4.3 How limiting intake of alcoho
- Page 98:
3.5 Practice guide for Guideline 3T
- Page 101 and 102:
4.1 Setting the sceneThe World Heal
- Page 103 and 104:
4.2.1 Breastfeeding incidence and d
- Page 105 and 106:
4.2.3 Cardiovascular disease and ex
- Page 107 and 108:
Lower socioeconomic status mothersW
- Page 109 and 110:
4.4 Practice guide for Guideline 4T
- Page 111 and 112:
5.1 Setting the sceneFoodborne illn
- Page 113 and 114:
5.4.2 InfantsThe immune system of i
- Page 115 and 116:
A1Social distribution of diet-relat
- Page 117 and 118:
• Consumption of milk and milk pr
- Page 119 and 120:
Food intake, diet and nutritional s
- Page 121 and 122:
The prevalence of health risk facto
- Page 123 and 124:
Table B2: Members of the Working Co
- Page 125 and 126:
The evidence was assessed according
- Page 127 and 128:
As part of the consultation process
- Page 129 and 130:
Expert reviewThe Guidelines underwe
- Page 131 and 132:
1995 - The Core Food GroupsThe Core
- Page 133 and 134:
Appendix DQuestions for the literat
- Page 135 and 136:
Umbrella review questions1. What di
- Page 137 and 138:
Appendix ESummary of evidence state
- Page 139 and 140:
Evidence statementGradeFruitThe eff
- Page 141 and 142:
Limited - no conclusionEvidence is
- Page 143 and 144:
Appendix GFood, nutrition and envir
- Page 145 and 146:
Figure G1: Examples of environmenta
- Page 147 and 148:
G4Australia’s progress toward a s
- Page 149 and 150:
It is suggested that by 2011, 125 c
- Page 151 and 152: Appendix IPhysical activity guideli
- Page 153 and 154: Appendix JStudies examining the hea
- Page 155 and 156: Appendix KAlcohol and energy intake
- Page 157 and 158: Cholesterol: Cholesterol, chemicall
- Page 159 and 160: Limit: Limit is used to emphasise t
- Page 161 and 162: Salt: Dietary salt is an inorganic
- Page 164 and 165: Acronyms and abbreviationsADHDAIDSA
- Page 166 and 167: References1. Rayner M, Scarborough
- Page 168 and 169: 37. National Health and Medical Res
- Page 170 and 171: 75. Taveras EM, Berkey CS, Rifas-Sh
- Page 172 and 173: 112. Olds TS, Tomkinson GR, Ferrar
- Page 174 and 175: 153. Rangan AM, Schindeler S, Hecto
- Page 176 and 177: 192. Stookey JD, Constant F, Gardne
- Page 178 and 179: 231. Hyson DA, Schneeman BO, Davis
- Page 180 and 181: 271. Marks GC, Coyne C, Pang G. Typ
- Page 182 and 183: 312. Cunningham J, O’Dea K, Dunba
- Page 184 and 185: 355. Burns C, Inglis A. Measuring f
- Page 186 and 187: 392. Harland JI, Haffner TA. System
- Page 188 and 189: 433. Northern Territory Government.
- Page 190 and 191: 473. Aune D, Chan DSM, Lau R, Vieir
- Page 192 and 193: 512. Ness A, Maynard M, Frankel S,
- Page 194 and 195: 550. Vislocky LM, Pikosky MA, Rubin
- Page 196 and 197: 588. Sellers TA, Vierkant RA, Djeu
- Page 198 and 199: 628. Rosner SA, Åkesson A, Stampfe
- Page 200 and 201: 669. Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB,
- Page 204 and 205: 743. Cook NR, Cutler JA, Obarzanek
- Page 206 and 207: 782. Balakrishnan M, Simmonds RS, T
- Page 208 and 209: 820. Newcomb PA, Nichols HB, Beasle
- Page 210 and 211: 862. Australian Institute of Health
- Page 212 and 213: 903. Romero-Gutiérrez G, Vaca-Orti
- Page 214 and 215: 942. Käferstein F, Abdussalam M. F
- Page 216 and 217: 985. Centre for Epidemiology and Re
- Page 218 and 219: 1025. Lee A, Bonson A, Yarmirr D, O
- Page 220 and 221: 1066. Natural Resource Management M
- Page 222 and 223: 1106. Liu Y, Sobue T, Otani T, Tsug
- Page 224 and 225: Notes
- Page 226: www.nhmrc.gov.auwww.eatforhealth.go