231. Hyson DA, Schneeman BO, Davis PA. Almonds and almond oil have similar effects on plasma lipids andLDL oxidation in healthy men and women. J Nutr 2002;132(4):703.232. Kocyigit A, Koylu AA, Keles H. Effects of pistachio nuts consumption on plasma lipid profile and oxidativestatus in healthy volunteers. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2006;16(3):202–09.233. Sabate J. Nut consumption and change in weight: the weight of the evidence. Br J Nutr 2007;98(3):456–7.234. Sabate J, Haddad E, Tanzman JS, Jambazian P, Rajaram S. Serum lipid response to the graduatedenrichment of a Step I diet with almonds: a randomized feeding trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77(6):1379–84.235. Spaccarotella KJ, Kris-Etherton PM, Stone WL, Bagshaw DM, Fishell VK, West SG et al. The effect ofwalnut intake on factors related to prostate and vascular health in older men. Nutr J 2008;7:13.236. Hite AH, Feinman RD, Guzman GE, Satin M, Schoenfeld PA, Wood RJ. In the face of contradictoryevidence: report of the <strong>Dietary</strong> <strong>Guidelines</strong> for Americans Committee. Nutrition 2010;26(10):915–24.237. Owen CG, Martin RM, Whincup PH, Smith GD, Cook DG. Effect of infant feeding on the risk of obesityacross the life course: a quantitative review of published evidence. Pediatrics 2005;115(5):1367–77.238. Araujo CL, Hallal PC, Nader GA, Neutzling MB, deFatima Vieira M, Menezes AM et al. Effect of birth sizeand proportionality on BMI and skinfold thickness in early adolescence: prospective birth cohort study.Eur J Clin Nutr 2009;63(5):634–9.239. Kuh D, Hardy R, Chaturvedi N, Wadsworth ME. Birth weight, childhood growth and abdominal obesity inadult life. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26(1):40–7.240. Monasta L, Batty GD, Cattaneo A, Lutje V, Ronfani L, Van Lenthe FJ et al. Early-life determinants ofoverweight and obesity: a review of systematic reviews. Obes Rev 2010;11(10):695–708.241. Monteiro PO, Victora CG. Rapid growth in infancy and childhood and obesity in later life--a systematicreview. Obes Rev 2005;6(2):143–54.242. Nader PR, O’Brien M, Houts R, Bradley R, Belsky J, Crosnoe R et al. Identifying risk for obesity in earlychildhood. Pediatrics 2006;118(3):e594–601.243. Mamun AA, Lawlor DA, Alati R, O’Callaghan MJ, Williams GM, Najman JM. Does maternal smokingduring pregnancy have a direct effect on future offspring obesity? Evidence from a prospective birthcohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2006;164(4):317–25.244. Landhuis CE, Poulton R, Welch D, Hancox RJ. Childhood sleep time and long-term risk for obesity:a 32-year prospective birth cohort study. Pediatrics 2008;122(5):955–60.245. Marshall SJ, Biddle SJ, Gorely T, Cameron N, Murdey I. Relationships between media use, body fatnessand physical activity in children and youth: a meta-analysis. [Review] [76 refs]. Int J Obes Relat MetabDis 2004;28(10):1238–46.246. Rey-Lopez JP, Vicente-Rodriguez G, Biosca M, Moreno LA. Sedentary behaviour and obesity developmentin children and adolescents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008;18(3):242–51.247. Biddle SJ, Gorely T, Marshall SJ, Murdey I, Cameron N. Physical activity and sedentary behaviours inyouth: issues and controversies. J R Soc Promot <strong>Health</strong> 2004;124(1):29–33.248. Coon KA, Tucker KL. Television and children’s consumption patterns: a review of the literature. MinervaPediatr 2002;54(5):423–36.249. Goldani MZ, Haeffner LS, Agranonik M, Barbieri MA, Bettiol H, Silva AA. Do early life factors influencebody mass index in adolescents? Braz J Med Biol Res 2007;40(9):1231–6.250. Langenberg C, Hardy R, Kuh D, Brunner E, Wadsworth M. Central and total obesity in middle agedmen and women in relation to lifetime socioeconomic status: evidence from a national birth cohort.J Epidemiol Community <strong>Health</strong> 2003;57(10):816–22.ReferencesNational <strong>Health</strong> and Medical Research Council165
251. Power C, Atherton K, Strachan DP, Shepherd P, Fuller E, Davis A et al. Life-course influences on healthin British adults: effects of socio-economic position in childhood and adulthood. Int J Epidemiol2007;36(3):532–9.252. Wright CM, Parker L. <strong>For</strong>ty years on: the effect of deprivation on growth in two Newcastle birth cohorts.Int J Epidemiol 2004;33(1):147–52.253. Jyoti DF, Frongillo EA, Jones SJ. Food insecurity affects school children’s academic performance, weightgain, and social skills. J Nutr 2005;135(12):2831–9.254. Senf JH, Shisslak CM, Crago MA. Does dieting lead to weight gain? A four-year longitudinal study ofmiddle school girls. Obesity 2006;14(12):2236–41.255. Field AE, Austin SB, Taylor CB, Malspeis S, Rosner B, Rockett HR et al. Relation between dieting andweight change among preadolescents and adolescents. Pediatrics 2003;112(4):900–6.256. Mamun AA, Lawlor DA, Cramb S, O’Callaghan M, Williams G, Najman J. Do childhood sleeping problemspredict obesity in young adulthood? Evidence from a prospective birth cohort study. Am J Epidemiol2007;166(12):1368–73.257. Taveras EM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Oken E, Gunderson EP, Gillman MW. Short sleep duration in infancy andrisk of childhood overweight. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2008;162(4):305–11.258. Timlin MT, Pereira MA, Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D. Breakfast eating and weight change in a 5-yearprospective analysis of adolescents: Project EAT (<strong>Eat</strong>ing Among Teens). Pediatrics 2008;121(3):e638–45.259. Astrup A, Grunwald GK, Melanson EL, Saris WH, Hill JO. The role of low-fat diets in body weight control:a meta-analysis of ad libitum dietary intervention studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24(12):1545–52.260. Willett WC, Leibel RL. <strong>Dietary</strong> fat is not a major determinant of body fat. Am J Med 2002;113(Suppl9B):47S–59S.261. Prentice AM, Jebb SA. Fast foods, energy density and obesity: a possible mechanistic link. Obes Rev2003;4(4):187–94.262. McCrory MA, Saltzman E, Rolls BJ, Roberts SB. A twin study of the effects of energy density andpalatability on energy intake of individual foods. Physiol Behav 2006;87(3):451–9.263. Paddon-Jones D, Westman E, Mattes RD, Wolfe RR, Astrup A, Westerterp-Plantenga M. Protein,weight management, and satiety. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(5):1558S–61S.264. Drewnowski A, Darmon N. The economics of obesity: dietary energy density and energy cost.Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82(1 Suppl):265S–73S.265. Bowman SA, Gortmaker SL, Ebbeling CB, Pereira MA, Ludwig DS. Effects of fast-food consumptionon energy intake and diet quality among children in a national household survey. Pediatrics 2004;113(1 Pt 1):112–8.266. Pereira MA, Kartashov AI, Ebbeling CB, Van Horn L, Slattery ML, Jacobs DR, Jr. et al. Fast-foodhabits, weight gain, and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-year prospective analysis. Lancet2005;365(9453):36–42.267. Ledikwe JH, Ello-Martin JA, Rolls BJ. Portion sizes and the obesity epidemic. J Nutr 2005;135(4):905–9.268. Cameron-Smith D, Bilsborough SA, Crowe TC. Upsizing Australia’s waistline: the dangers of “meal deals”.Med J Aust 2002;177(11-12):2–16.269. Franz MJ, VanWormer JJ, Crain AL, Boucher JL, Histon T, Caplan W et al. Weight-loss outcomes:a systematic review and meta-analysis of weight-loss clinical trials with a minimum 1-year follow-up.J Am Diet Assoc 2007;107(10):1755–67.270. Goodpaster BH, Delany JP, Otto AD, Kuller L, Vockley J, South-Paul JE et al. Effects of diet and physicalactivity interventions on weight loss and cardiometabolic risk factors in severely obese adults: a randomizedtrial. J Am Med Assoc 2010;304(16):1795–802.166EAT FOR HEALTH – australian dietary guidelinesNational <strong>Health</strong> and Medical Research Council
- Page 1 and 2:
EAT FOR HEALTHAustralianDietaryGuid
- Page 3 and 4:
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013Pa
- Page 6:
Australian Dietary GuidelinesGuidel
- Page 9 and 10:
GUIDELINE 2• Enjoy a wide variety
- Page 11 and 12:
guideline 5• Food safety 975.1 Se
- Page 13 and 14:
Table A2: Mean daily intakes of ene
- Page 15 and 16:
More recent evidence from Western s
- Page 17 and 18:
Relationship between the documents
- Page 19 and 20:
In this way, the Evidence Report wa
- Page 21 and 22:
Challenges for adoption of the Guid
- Page 23 and 24:
Australian Guide to Healthy EatingA
- Page 25 and 26:
Guideline 11.1 Setting the sceneA h
- Page 27 and 28:
Guideline 1UnderweightWhile the gre
- Page 29 and 30:
Guideline 1Figure 1.2: Mean energy
- Page 32 and 33:
Evidence statementBabies born to mo
- Page 34 and 35:
• Childhood weight gain: There is
- Page 36 and 37:
Given the scope of the Guidelines,
- Page 38 and 39:
Appropriate steady weight gain duri
- Page 40 and 41:
Dietary restriction beyond prudent
- Page 42:
1.5 Practice guide for Guideline 1T
- Page 45 and 46:
2.1 Enjoy a wide variety of nutriti
- Page 47 and 48:
Pregnant and breastfeeding womenCon
- Page 49 and 50:
2.2 Enjoy plenty of vegetables, inc
- Page 51 and 52:
• Prostate cancer: The evidence s
- Page 53 and 54:
The following studies relate primar
- Page 55 and 56:
Dietary fibre from vegetables and f
- Page 57 and 58:
Children and adolescentsThe recomme
- Page 59 and 60:
Cancer• Colorectal cancer: There
- Page 61 and 62:
Based on current consumption data,
- Page 63 and 64:
disaggregate possibly different eff
- Page 65 and 66:
CancerNo recent studies investigati
- Page 67 and 68:
Based on most recent consumption da
- Page 69 and 70:
2.5 Enjoy milk, yoghurt, cheese and
- Page 71 and 72:
Other conditionsThe traditional nut
- Page 73 and 74:
The 1995 National Nutrition Survey
- Page 75 and 76:
Reviews have also shown an associat
- Page 77 and 78:
2.7 Practice guide for Guideline 2T
- Page 80 and 81:
GUIDELINE 3Limit intake of foods co
- Page 82 and 83:
3.1.2 The evidence for ‘limit int
- Page 84 and 85:
3.1.3 How limiting intake of foods
- Page 86 and 87:
InfantsFor infants under the age of
- Page 88 and 89:
Bone healthEvidence suggesting an a
- Page 90 and 91:
3.3.2 The evidence for ‘limit int
- Page 92 and 93:
3.3.4 Practical considerations: lim
- Page 94 and 95:
3.4.2 The evidence for ‘limit int
- Page 96 and 97:
3.4.3 How limiting intake of alcoho
- Page 98:
3.5 Practice guide for Guideline 3T
- Page 101 and 102:
4.1 Setting the sceneThe World Heal
- Page 103 and 104:
4.2.1 Breastfeeding incidence and d
- Page 105 and 106:
4.2.3 Cardiovascular disease and ex
- Page 107 and 108:
Lower socioeconomic status mothersW
- Page 109 and 110:
4.4 Practice guide for Guideline 4T
- Page 111 and 112:
5.1 Setting the sceneFoodborne illn
- Page 113 and 114:
5.4.2 InfantsThe immune system of i
- Page 115 and 116:
A1Social distribution of diet-relat
- Page 117 and 118:
• Consumption of milk and milk pr
- Page 119 and 120:
Food intake, diet and nutritional s
- Page 121 and 122:
The prevalence of health risk facto
- Page 123 and 124:
Table B2: Members of the Working Co
- Page 125 and 126:
The evidence was assessed according
- Page 127 and 128: As part of the consultation process
- Page 129 and 130: Expert reviewThe Guidelines underwe
- Page 131 and 132: 1995 - The Core Food GroupsThe Core
- Page 133 and 134: Appendix DQuestions for the literat
- Page 135 and 136: Umbrella review questions1. What di
- Page 137 and 138: Appendix ESummary of evidence state
- Page 139 and 140: Evidence statementGradeFruitThe eff
- Page 141 and 142: Limited - no conclusionEvidence is
- Page 143 and 144: Appendix GFood, nutrition and envir
- Page 145 and 146: Figure G1: Examples of environmenta
- Page 147 and 148: G4Australia’s progress toward a s
- Page 149 and 150: It is suggested that by 2011, 125 c
- Page 151 and 152: Appendix IPhysical activity guideli
- Page 153 and 154: Appendix JStudies examining the hea
- Page 155 and 156: Appendix KAlcohol and energy intake
- Page 157 and 158: Cholesterol: Cholesterol, chemicall
- Page 159 and 160: Limit: Limit is used to emphasise t
- Page 161 and 162: Salt: Dietary salt is an inorganic
- Page 164 and 165: Acronyms and abbreviationsADHDAIDSA
- Page 166 and 167: References1. Rayner M, Scarborough
- Page 168 and 169: 37. National Health and Medical Res
- Page 170 and 171: 75. Taveras EM, Berkey CS, Rifas-Sh
- Page 172 and 173: 112. Olds TS, Tomkinson GR, Ferrar
- Page 174 and 175: 153. Rangan AM, Schindeler S, Hecto
- Page 176 and 177: 192. Stookey JD, Constant F, Gardne
- Page 180 and 181: 271. Marks GC, Coyne C, Pang G. Typ
- Page 182 and 183: 312. Cunningham J, O’Dea K, Dunba
- Page 184 and 185: 355. Burns C, Inglis A. Measuring f
- Page 186 and 187: 392. Harland JI, Haffner TA. System
- Page 188 and 189: 433. Northern Territory Government.
- Page 190 and 191: 473. Aune D, Chan DSM, Lau R, Vieir
- Page 192 and 193: 512. Ness A, Maynard M, Frankel S,
- Page 194 and 195: 550. Vislocky LM, Pikosky MA, Rubin
- Page 196 and 197: 588. Sellers TA, Vierkant RA, Djeu
- Page 198 and 199: 628. Rosner SA, Åkesson A, Stampfe
- Page 200 and 201: 669. Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB,
- Page 202 and 203: 705. Mamalakis G, Kiriakakis M, Tsi
- Page 204 and 205: 743. Cook NR, Cutler JA, Obarzanek
- Page 206 and 207: 782. Balakrishnan M, Simmonds RS, T
- Page 208 and 209: 820. Newcomb PA, Nichols HB, Beasle
- Page 210 and 211: 862. Australian Institute of Health
- Page 212 and 213: 903. Romero-Gutiérrez G, Vaca-Orti
- Page 214 and 215: 942. Käferstein F, Abdussalam M. F
- Page 216 and 217: 985. Centre for Epidemiology and Re
- Page 218 and 219: 1025. Lee A, Bonson A, Yarmirr D, O
- Page 220 and 221: 1066. Natural Resource Management M
- Page 222 and 223: 1106. Liu Y, Sobue T, Otani T, Tsug
- Page 224 and 225: Notes
- Page 226: www.nhmrc.gov.auwww.eatforhealth.go