Guidelines Dietary - Eat For Health

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Evidence statementGradeMilk, yoghurt, cheese and/or alternativesConsuming dairy food is not associated with risk of endometrial cancer.Consumption of dairy foods is not associated with weight change or risk of obesity.Consumption of milk is not associated with BMI or BMI change in childhood.Mean consumption of one serve of dairy food per day is not associated with the risk of breast cancer.Consumption of less than one serve of milk per day during adult life is not associated with risk of osteoporoticor hip fracture.CCCCCWaterConsumption of black tea is not associated with risk of cardiovascular disease.Consumption of coffee is not associated with risk of coronary heart disease.Consumption of coffee is not associated with risk of breast cancer.Consumption of coffee is not associated with risk of colorectal cancer.Consumption of coffee is not associated with risk of ovarian cancer.Consumption of green or black tea is not associated with risk of ovarian cancer.Consumption of green or black tea is not associated with risk of colorectal cancer.CCCCCCCE2Grade D evidence statements that did not inform these GuidelinesIn the systematic literature review (Evidence Report), a number of food, diet, and health relationships wereexamined for which the evidence of an association was Grade D. This was because the evidence was limited,inconclusive or contradictory. These Grade D relationships were not used to inform the development of theAustralian Dietary Guidelines. Table E2 provides a list of the evidence statements for these relationships.Grade D evidence can inform health professionals about the strength of evidence from recent research, particularlyin emerging areas, and help identify areas where further research on dietary patterns and health outcomes maybe required. Grade D evidence can also assist health professionals correct diet related misconceptions among thegeneral population. For example, members of the general population may be inclined to alter their dietary patternswhen the results of a new study are widely publicised in the media.This evidence, while useful as mentioned above, was not used in the development of Guideline statements.Table E2: Evidence statements (Grade D) that did not inform the Australian Dietary GuidelinesEvidence statementGradeVegetablesThe effect of total vegetable consumption on gastric (stomach) cancer is inconclusive (Evidence Report, Section 2.5).The effect of total vegetable consumption on the risk of breast cancer is inconclusive (Evidence Report, Section 2.6).The effect of total vegetable consumption on the risk of colorectal cancer is inconclusive (Evidence Report,Section 2.8).The effect of total vegetable consumption on the risk of lung cancer is inconclusive (Evidence Report, Section 2.7).DDDDAppendicesNational Health and Medical Research Council125
Evidence statementGradeFruitThe effect of fruit consumption on the risk of oesophageal cancer is inconclusive (Evidence Report, Section 1.9).The effect of fruit consumption on the risk of gastric cancer is inconclusive (Evidence Report, Section 1.5).There is limited evidence that fruit consumption reduces the risk of lung cancer (Evidence Report, Section 1.7).The effect of citrus fruit consumption on the risk of pancreatic cancer is inconclusive (Evidence Report, Section 1.13).DDDDGrain (cereal) foodsThe effect of grain (cereal) consumption on the risk of cancer is inconclusive (Evidence Report, Section 6.1).DLean meats and poultry, fish, eggs, tofu, nuts and seeds and legumes/beansThe consumption of unprocessed red meat is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (Evidence Report,Section 4.5).There is limited evidence showing no association between the consumption of red meat and the risk of breast cancer(Evidence Report, Section 4.4).The effect of consuming poultry at least once a week on the risk of breast cancer is inconclusive (Evidence Report,Section 10.1).The effect of consuming poultry at least once a week on the risk of colorectal cancer is inconclusive (EvidenceReport, Section 10.2).The effect of fish consumption on the risk of breast cancer is inconclusive (Evidence Report, Section 9.6).The effect of fish consumption on the risk of colorectal cancer is inconclusive (Evidence Report, Section 9.7).The effect of fish consumption on the risk of prostate cancer is inconclusive (Evidence Report, Section 9.8).The effect of fish consumption on the risk of renal cell cancer is inconclusive (Evidence Report, Section 9.9).The effect of egg consumption on the risk of cancer is inconclusive (Evidence Report, Section 11.2).Consumption of legumes (especially soy foods) is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer (Evidence Report,Section 7.1).There is unlikely to be a significant protective effect against prostate cancer from consuming soy foods (EvidenceReport, Section 7.2).DDDDDDDDDDDMilk, yoghurt, cheese and/or alternativesThe effect of milk consumption on the risk of prostate cancer is inconclusive (Evidence Report, Section 5.14).DWaterThe effect of coffee consumption on the risk of increased systolic blood pressure is inconclusive (Evidence Report,Section 15.14).The effect of consuming four cups of coffee a day on the risk of gastric cancer is inconclusive (Evidence Report,Section 15.5).Green and black tea consumption is not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (Evidence Report, Sections15.16, 15.17 and 15.22).Consumption of coffee is associated with increased risk of bladder cancer (Evidence Report, Section 15.10).Consumption of coffee is associated with increased risk of lung cancer (Evidence Report, Section 15.12).DDDDD126EAT FOR HEALTH – australian dietary guidelinesNational Health and Medical Research Council
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EAT FOR HEALTHAustralianDietaryGuid
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2013Pa
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Australian Dietary GuidelinesGuidel
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GUIDELINE 2• Enjoy a wide variety
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guideline 5• Food safety 975.1 Se
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Table A2: Mean daily intakes of ene
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More recent evidence from Western s
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Relationship between the documents
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In this way, the Evidence Report wa
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Challenges for adoption of the Guid
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Australian Guide to Healthy EatingA
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Guideline 11.1 Setting the sceneA h
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Guideline 1UnderweightWhile the gre
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Guideline 1Figure 1.2: Mean energy
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Evidence statementBabies born to mo
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• Childhood weight gain: There is
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Given the scope of the Guidelines,
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Appropriate steady weight gain duri
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Dietary restriction beyond prudent
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1.5 Practice guide for Guideline 1T
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2.1 Enjoy a wide variety of nutriti
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Pregnant and breastfeeding womenCon
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2.2 Enjoy plenty of vegetables, inc
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• Prostate cancer: The evidence s
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The following studies relate primar
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Dietary fibre from vegetables and f
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Children and adolescentsThe recomme
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Cancer• Colorectal cancer: There
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Based on current consumption data,
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disaggregate possibly different eff
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CancerNo recent studies investigati
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Based on most recent consumption da
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2.5 Enjoy milk, yoghurt, cheese and
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Other conditionsThe traditional nut
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The 1995 National Nutrition Survey
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Reviews have also shown an associat
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2.7 Practice guide for Guideline 2T
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GUIDELINE 3Limit intake of foods co
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3.1.2 The evidence for ‘limit int
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3.1.3 How limiting intake of foods
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InfantsFor infants under the age of
Page 88 and 89: Bone healthEvidence suggesting an a
Page 90 and 91: 3.3.2 The evidence for ‘limit int
Page 92 and 93: 3.3.4 Practical considerations: lim
Page 94 and 95: 3.4.2 The evidence for ‘limit int
Page 96 and 97: 3.4.3 How limiting intake of alcoho
Page 98: 3.5 Practice guide for Guideline 3T
Page 101 and 102: 4.1 Setting the sceneThe World Heal
Page 103 and 104: 4.2.1 Breastfeeding incidence and d
Page 105 and 106: 4.2.3 Cardiovascular disease and ex
Page 107 and 108: Lower socioeconomic status mothersW
Page 109 and 110: 4.4 Practice guide for Guideline 4T
Page 111 and 112: 5.1 Setting the sceneFoodborne illn
Page 113 and 114: 5.4.2 InfantsThe immune system of i
Page 115 and 116: A1Social distribution of diet-relat
Page 117 and 118: • Consumption of milk and milk pr
Page 119 and 120: Food intake, diet and nutritional s
Page 121 and 122: The prevalence of health risk facto
Page 123 and 124: Table B2: Members of the Working Co
Page 125 and 126: The evidence was assessed according
Page 127 and 128: As part of the consultation process
Page 129 and 130: Expert reviewThe Guidelines underwe
Page 131 and 132: 1995 - The Core Food GroupsThe Core
Page 133 and 134: Appendix DQuestions for the literat
Page 135 and 136: Umbrella review questions1. What di
Page 137: Appendix ESummary of evidence state
Page 141 and 142: Limited - no conclusionEvidence is
Page 143 and 144: Appendix GFood, nutrition and envir
Page 145 and 146: Figure G1: Examples of environmenta
Page 147 and 148: G4Australia’s progress toward a s
Page 149 and 150: It is suggested that by 2011, 125 c
Page 151 and 152: Appendix IPhysical activity guideli
Page 153 and 154: Appendix JStudies examining the hea
Page 155 and 156: Appendix KAlcohol and energy intake
Page 157 and 158: Cholesterol: Cholesterol, chemicall
Page 159 and 160: Limit: Limit is used to emphasise t
Page 161 and 162: Salt: Dietary salt is an inorganic
Page 164 and 165: Acronyms and abbreviationsADHDAIDSA
Page 166 and 167: References1. Rayner M, Scarborough
Page 168 and 169: 37. National Health and Medical Res
Page 170 and 171: 75. Taveras EM, Berkey CS, Rifas-Sh
Page 172 and 173: 112. Olds TS, Tomkinson GR, Ferrar
Page 174 and 175: 153. Rangan AM, Schindeler S, Hecto
Page 176 and 177: 192. Stookey JD, Constant F, Gardne
Page 178 and 179: 231. Hyson DA, Schneeman BO, Davis
Page 180 and 181: 271. Marks GC, Coyne C, Pang G. Typ
Page 182 and 183: 312. Cunningham J, O’Dea K, Dunba
Page 184 and 185: 355. Burns C, Inglis A. Measuring f
Page 186 and 187: 392. Harland JI, Haffner TA. System
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433. Northern Territory Government.
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473. Aune D, Chan DSM, Lau R, Vieir
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512. Ness A, Maynard M, Frankel S,
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550. Vislocky LM, Pikosky MA, Rubin
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588. Sellers TA, Vierkant RA, Djeu
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628. Rosner SA, Åkesson A, Stampfe
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669. Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB,
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705. Mamalakis G, Kiriakakis M, Tsi
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743. Cook NR, Cutler JA, Obarzanek
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782. Balakrishnan M, Simmonds RS, T
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820. Newcomb PA, Nichols HB, Beasle
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862. Australian Institute of Health
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903. Romero-Gutiérrez G, Vaca-Orti
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942. Käferstein F, Abdussalam M. F
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985. Centre for Epidemiology and Re
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1025. Lee A, Bonson A, Yarmirr D, O
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1066. Natural Resource Management M
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1106. Liu Y, Sobue T, Otani T, Tsug
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Notes
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www.nhmrc.gov.auwww.eatforhealth.go
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Guidelines Dietary - Eat For Health

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