Jamaica Biofuels Report - Ministry of Energy

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Historically, sugar cane has been produced in Jamaica and other countries of Central Americafor centuries, and is highly suited to these tropical regions. Jamaica’s production has in the pastbeen significantly higher than it is currently, as can be seen in Figure 4. The last comprehensiveland use data for Jamaica shows that the cumulative area of plantation crops in 1998 was87,200 hectares 3 . FAO data for 1998 indicates that 36,000 ha of sugarcane were grown andmore might have been possible because the amount of idle cane land is unknown. Indeed, onlytwo years previously, in 1996, FAO reported that 45,000 ha of cane were grown. Earlier FAOdata indicates a maximum area used to grow cane of 81,800 hectares in 1961. The arearemained at about 60,000 hectares through the 1970’s before falling to about 40,000 until2000, after which a downward trend to the current 30,000 hectares occurred. Although someland has been lost to urbanization, a combination of ground observations and satellite imageryindicates that much of the areas used 50 years ago for cane remain available today. Jamaicawould require an estimated 47,000 hectares 4 (including 4,000 ha for intervals, irrigation anddrainage infrastructure plus plots for trials and breeding) to produce all its current domesticneeds for granular sugar, molasses for rum production and ethanol to reach E10, so availabilityof adequate land does not appear to be an issue.Sugar cane is grown by relatively larger plantations that are owned or leased long term byindividual sugar mills, and by independent growers whose sizes of operation range from a fewhectares to several thousand. Due to its long history, local growers are quite familiar with thiscrop and given appropriate conditions should be able collectively to reach previous productionwhich cannot be said about alternative biofuel crops without trials and further studies.While a number of factors have lead to the decline of sugar cane, the most important in recentyears is the removal of price support for Jamaican sugar by the EU. This means that for thesector to expand, it needs to find a way to achieve economic sustainability by cost saving andrevenue enhancing measures. Optimising revenue from sales of granular sugar, molasses forrum, ethanol and sales of surplus electricity will require new approaches by all stakeholdersincluding the cane farmers. An examination of the current Jamaican production system for caneand comparison with Brazilian practices by a cane specialist from that country has revealed thatmany improvements can be achieved with relatively low investment. The specialist also felt thatthe production of cane does not receive as much attention as it should and that the fields oftenappear quite abandoned or lacking application of latest technology applied. To correct thissome general policies are proposed to that focus on increasing the probability that futureproduction goals can be achieved. These policies fall into four main categories:1. Sugar cane varieties and observations2. Range of yields and ranges of sucrose and total sugars3. Varieties suited to soils with elevated salinity4. Work being undertaken by SIRI [based on visit to trial plots May 20]3 Forestry Department, Land Use Data 1998 – includes sugar cane, bananas, coconuts and fruit trees/bushes.4 The basis for the 43,000 ha is discussed later in this report12
1. Sugar cane varieties and observationsThe general conditions of Jamaica suggest that varieties specially adapted to highphotosynthesis efficiency are desirable because they convert solar energy to accumulate totalcarbon as sugars and fiber. More specifically, Jamaica should trial varieties with characteristicsof the following types:a) High total sugar varieties rather than high sucrose, since rum and ethanol do not requiresucrose as granular sugar doesb) High fiber varieties where more bagasse is needed to allow a modern cogenerationplant to run year round, including varieties with high sucrose content and salinitytolerancec) Varieties that mature early or late to allow an ethanol plant to receive feedstock over alonger period annuallyd) Varieties of sweet sorghum as a supplement to sugar cane where it can help increaseoverall profitability or require less water and grow in dryer areasTo develop suitable varieties, the current cane-breeding program should be expanded in orderto select those that match the changes to the products and not just to focus on good varietiesfor granular sugar, as has been the past need.The ripening period seems to be quite challenging due to the absence of low temperatures orsevere drought throughout the year. The yields found in the visited mills show that there is alot of room to increase cane yield and sucrose content, especially through the introduction ofnew varieties.The SIRI plots visited are a testimonial that there is a huge potential to increase production withnew varieties, but the numbers are still relatively small for future sector growth plans. Thebreeding program receives material from the West Indies Central Sugar Cane Breeding Station(WICSBS), Barbados, but this source should not be relied upon solely. Cooperation with otherbreeding programs must be initiated with priority to programs with similar weather conditionsas Jamaica. Many breeding programs around the world are willing to have agreements withother places and countries in order to develop new varieties. We recommend that Jamaicaconsiders contacting the following breeding centers with a view to establishing a workingrelationship with at least two in addition to the current relationship with WICSBS:(1) Sugar Breeding Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), Combitore, Tamil Nadu,India [www.sugarcane-breeding.tn.nic.in](2) Philippines Sugar Research Institute (PHILSURIN), Victorias City, Negros Occidental,Philippines. [www.philsurin.org.ph](3) Indonesian Sugar Research Institute (P3GI), Jalan Pahlawan No 25, Pasuruan 67126,Indonesia [www.sugarresearch.org](4) Centro de Technologia Canavieira (CTC), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil[www.ctcanavieira.com.br]13
Page 1 and 2: Assistance for Biofuels Developm
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 5 and 6: All countries with commercial biodi
Page 7 and 8: 2. Biomass Resource Identification2
Page 9 and 10: Figure 2: Areas of land in classes
Page 11: conditions accumulates dry mass und
Page 15 and 16: Sugar cane is naturally tolerant to
Page 17 and 18: fermentable sugars are calculated f
Page 19 and 20: purchased in some form from elsewhe
Page 21 and 22: welfare, but sustainable production
Page 23 and 24: spacing) for cattle, pigs and other
Page 25 and 26: 3. Human and Institutional Resource
Page 27 and 28: Finally, Universities can also prov
Page 29 and 30: Exemption from import duties of cap
Page 31 and 32: farmers and Midwestern states, wher
Page 33 and 34: form methyl esters. The caloric val
Page 35 and 36: cost would be, to future world ener
Page 37 and 38: Figure 6: Typical financing structu
Page 39 and 40: 5. Processing and Distribution5.1 T
Page 41 and 42: are produced and stored for later p
Page 43 and 44: operator and PCJ (and other blender
Page 45 and 46: Figure 9: Schematic representation
Page 47 and 48: Figure 11: Schematic representation
Page 49 and 50: agroenergy/biofuels operations in t
Page 51 and 52: ANNEX IPublic Education and Outreac
Page 53 and 54: In the scoping assessment, input wa
Page 55 and 56: Run over a longer period so that th
Page 57 and 58: estates is completed. The large mil
Page 59 and 60: (a) What waste vegetable oils are o
Page 61 and 62: (g) Information on long term supply
Page 63 and 64:
(f) Information to control the spre
Page 65 and 66:
Jamaica BroilersJamaica Public Serv
Page 67 and 68:
The Jamaica Manufacturers’ Associ
Page 69 and 70:
phone hotline and email address wit
Page 71 and 72:
ut first, the necessary steps need
Page 73 and 74:
etc.), and that labour laws arecomp
Page 75 and 76:
campaign management team.75
Page 79 and 80:
Annex Ib. BudgetThe budget below is
Page 81 and 82:
Activity 5: Best practices forbiofu
Page 83 and 84:
Annex Ic. Useful resources for educ
Page 85 and 86:
ANNEX IIPilot Project Identificatio
Page 87 and 88:
Over the 15 years of its depreciate
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 3: Effect of the selling pri
Page 91 and 92:
Pilot Project: Duckenfield Estate -
Page 93 and 94:
Additional assumptions involve exte
Page 95 and 96:
Sensitivity to Sugar Price30.00%25.
Page 97 and 98:
Sensitivity to Ethanol Price30.00%2
Page 99 and 100:
Pilot Projects: Discussion of Other
Page 101 and 102:
Pilot Project: Biodiesel RefineryBa
Page 103 and 104:
iodiesel subsidize it one way or an
Page 105 and 106:
Financial Analysis for 3 Million Ga
Page 107 and 108:
ANNEX IIIJamaica Biofuels Implement
Page 109 and 110:
In-Depth Project Feasibility Studie
Page 111 and 112:
Project ImplementationTask Force ac
Page 113 and 114:
This table summarizes the area (ha)
Page 115 and 116:
Clarendon Figure 1115
Page 117 and 118:
Hanover Figure 1117
Page 119 and 120:
Kingston St. Andrew Figure 1119
Page 121 and 122:
Manchester Figure 1121
Page 123 and 124:
Portland Figure 1123
Page 125 and 126:
Saint Ann Figure 1125
Page 127 and 128:
Saint Catherine Figure 1127
Page 129 and 130:
Saint Elizabeth Figure 1129
Page 131 and 132:
Saint James Figure 1131
Page 133 and 134:
Saint Mary Figure 1133
Page 135 and 136:
Saint Thomas Figure 1135
Page 137 and 138:
Trelawny Figure 1137
Page 139 and 140:
Westmoreland Figure 1139
Page 141:
ANNEX VSummary of Sugarcane industr
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Jamaica Biofuels Report - Ministry of Energy

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