Jamaica Biofuels Report - Ministry of Energy

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3.2 Biodiesel IndustryThe transesterification process, which converts crude vegetable or recycled oil (and fats) tobiodiesel, is well established in Central America, Brazil, and the US. Several manufacturersdeliver turnkey operations that can be run by a small number of trained staff members. Thekey types of expertise in biodiesel production are chemical (or related) engineering andchemistry, as it involves chemical reactions at elevated temperatures (50-60 0 C), the use ofchemical reagents (methanol and alkali), and phase separation. Personnel with properexperience can be recruited from other chemical operations in Jamaica and from the country’sresearch institutions. Training provided by the equipment manufacturer should suffice tostart, operate, and maintain a biodiesel production plant regardless of the feedstock used.3.3 Role of Research InstitutionsThe development of the appropriate workforce for the country’s ethanol industry should beserved by the country’s Universities and other research institutions, which offer education,provide training, and conduct research. If necessary, Jamaican institutions, such as the verycapable CERE, SRC, and SIRI, should be encouraged to collaborate with US, Brazilian, Colombianor other international institutions to bring to Jamaica knowledge and practices regardingbiofuels production. Regarding R&D, it is essential to support the ethanol and biodieselindustry, particularly in the area of agronomy and agriculture to develop plant varieties bestsuited for Jamaica’s weather and soil and to support the local farmers with best practices incultivation, maintenance, and harvesting of crops. Such programs in Brazil have resulted inphenomenal productivity improvements over the years, such as 33% increase in sugarcane yield(tons per hectare) 7 . Close collaboration with Brazilian and Colombian experts will also benefitthe industry with fermentation, distillation, and vinasse handling (ethanol) andtransesterification (biodiesel) improvements.The research institutions, as well as PetroJam, can support the ethanol and biodiesel industrieswith analytical method development, chemical analysis, and quality control issues as they arepossess appropriate expertise and instrumentation. Chemistry departments have the facultyexpertise and student availability to establish the necessary analytical protocols. The analysisof methylesters (biodiesel), in particular, requires a battery of tests to ensure that the finalproduct conforms to a certain standard that the industry will need to adopt. It could be theEuropean biodiesel standard EN14214 or the US standard ASTM D6751, and the Bureau ofStandards of Jamaica is considering recommendations to stipulate the ASTM standard in thePetroleum Quality Control Regulations governing biodiesel blends up to B5. Regardless of thestandard adopted, a laboratory should be set up in Jamaica either at the biodiesel plant or at aUniversity or other research organization to address this critical need. Training for equipmentoperators should be sought from qualified personnel in countries such as the US or Brazil.7 Isaias de Carvalho Macedo, Sugarcane’s Energy, Unica, Sao Paulo, 2007.26
Finally, Universities can also provide support in the evaluation of cellulosic biomass conversionto ethanol using 2 nd generation technologies developed in the US and other countries. Athriving cane ethanol industry provides ideal conditions (co-location benefits) for thedeployment of bagasse-to-ethanol technologies with the prospect of significantly increasing theamount of ethanol produced per ton of sugarcane.As with sugarcane, R&D in plant agronomy and genetics will be valuable in identifying andimproving promising varieties of castor beans, jatropha, and other biodiesel feedstocks and insupporting Jamaican farmers to ensure continuous and high-yield supplies of feedstocks.Because biodiesel production is not as energy intensive as cane ethanol, power co-generation isusually not practiced. However, given Jamaica’s future needs of additional power and the factthat biodiesel feedstocks generate considerable amounts of biomass, the feasibility of acentrally located power generation plant should be examined. If the logistics make sense, amore economical alternative could be to have biomass from biodiesel plants transported to acane ethanol facility equipped with cogeneration. There, such biomass can supplementbagasse for the production of energy and heat.27
Page 1 and 2: Assistance for Biofuels Developm
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 5 and 6: All countries with commercial biodi
Page 7 and 8: 2. Biomass Resource Identification2
Page 9 and 10: Figure 2: Areas of land in classes
Page 11 and 12: conditions accumulates dry mass und
Page 13 and 14: 1. Sugar cane varieties and observa
Page 15 and 16: Sugar cane is naturally tolerant to
Page 17 and 18: fermentable sugars are calculated f
Page 19 and 20: purchased in some form from elsewhe
Page 21 and 22: welfare, but sustainable production
Page 23 and 24: spacing) for cattle, pigs and other
Page 25: 3. Human and Institutional Resource
Page 29 and 30: Exemption from import duties of cap
Page 31 and 32: farmers and Midwestern states, wher
Page 33 and 34: form methyl esters. The caloric val
Page 35 and 36: cost would be, to future world ener
Page 37 and 38: Figure 6: Typical financing structu
Page 39 and 40: 5. Processing and Distribution5.1 T
Page 41 and 42: are produced and stored for later p
Page 43 and 44: operator and PCJ (and other blender
Page 45 and 46: Figure 9: Schematic representation
Page 47 and 48: Figure 11: Schematic representation
Page 49 and 50: agroenergy/biofuels operations in t
Page 51 and 52: ANNEX IPublic Education and Outreac
Page 53 and 54: In the scoping assessment, input wa
Page 55 and 56: Run over a longer period so that th
Page 57 and 58: estates is completed. The large mil
Page 59 and 60: (a) What waste vegetable oils are o
Page 61 and 62: (g) Information on long term supply
Page 63 and 64: (f) Information to control the spre
Page 65 and 66: Jamaica BroilersJamaica Public Serv
Page 67 and 68: The Jamaica Manufacturers’ Associ
Page 69 and 70: phone hotline and email address wit
Page 71 and 72: ut first, the necessary steps need
Page 73 and 74: etc.), and that labour laws arecomp
Page 75 and 76: campaign management team.75
Page 79 and 80:
Annex Ib. BudgetThe budget below is
Page 81 and 82:
Activity 5: Best practices forbiofu
Page 83 and 84:
Annex Ic. Useful resources for educ
Page 85 and 86:
ANNEX IIPilot Project Identificatio
Page 87 and 88:
Over the 15 years of its depreciate
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 3: Effect of the selling pri
Page 91 and 92:
Pilot Project: Duckenfield Estate -
Page 93 and 94:
Additional assumptions involve exte
Page 95 and 96:
Sensitivity to Sugar Price30.00%25.
Page 97 and 98:
Sensitivity to Ethanol Price30.00%2
Page 99 and 100:
Pilot Projects: Discussion of Other
Page 101 and 102:
Pilot Project: Biodiesel RefineryBa
Page 103 and 104:
iodiesel subsidize it one way or an
Page 105 and 106:
Financial Analysis for 3 Million Ga
Page 107 and 108:
ANNEX IIIJamaica Biofuels Implement
Page 109 and 110:
In-Depth Project Feasibility Studie
Page 111 and 112:
Project ImplementationTask Force ac
Page 113 and 114:
This table summarizes the area (ha)
Page 115 and 116:
Clarendon Figure 1115
Page 117 and 118:
Hanover Figure 1117
Page 119 and 120:
Kingston St. Andrew Figure 1119
Page 121 and 122:
Manchester Figure 1121
Page 123 and 124:
Portland Figure 1123
Page 125 and 126:
Saint Ann Figure 1125
Page 127 and 128:
Saint Catherine Figure 1127
Page 129 and 130:
Saint Elizabeth Figure 1129
Page 131 and 132:
Saint James Figure 1131
Page 133 and 134:
Saint Mary Figure 1133
Page 135 and 136:
Saint Thomas Figure 1135
Page 137 and 138:
Trelawny Figure 1137
Page 139 and 140:
Westmoreland Figure 1139
Page 141:
ANNEX VSummary of Sugarcane industr
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Jamaica Biofuels Report - Ministry of Energy

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