Jamaica Biofuels Report - Ministry of Energy

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from water at elevated temperatures and pressures. Although dehydration can be carried outvia a number of processes, the use of molecular sieves is advised, since both of the existingdehydration facilities in Jamaica employ them.Figure 7: Schematic representation of ethanol production (within dashed lines)integrated in an existing sugar mill with cogeneration capabilityCarbon dioxide produced during the fermentation (in a 1:1 molecular ratio to ethanol) isappropriate for use by the food and beverage industry, thus producing an additional revenuesource for the plant. The stillage (vinasse), the solid-liquid mixture obtained from the bottomof the distillation column, is rich in potassium and other inorganic elements absorbed bysugarcane from the local soil. It has high BOD and COD loads that can be reduced via anaerobicdigestion, while generating valuable methane-rich biogas, which can improve the energybalance of the whole operation. The digested solids can then be used as a natural fertilizer inthe fields to provide soil nourishment. Indeed, in Brazil, Colombia, and other countries vinasseis used as a fertilizer that is applied to the cane fields via irrigation water (“fertirrigation”) toreplenish the soil of the sugarcane fields with essential nutrients cutting down on the use offertilizers. A similar application is envisioned in Jamaica using the experience of othercountries.Finally, the bagasse residue recovered from the crushed cane should be treated as a fuel forcogeneration at the sugar ethanol plant. Medium (65 bar) or high (100 bar) pressure boilers arerecommended to increase energy efficiency. Such power (and heat) generation can provide forthe electricity and steam needs of the plant making the investment more attractive andshielding the plant from the high cost and uncertain reliability of grid power.Most sugarcane producing countries, including Jamaica, have a rainy summer and fall, whichinterrupts harvesting and hence the operation of the mill. Because cane cannot be storedwithout degradation, this reality will also affect ethanol production. Unless surplus molasses40
are produced and stored for later processing, ethanol operations will have to coincide withcane operations, which in Jamaica means about 250 days a year during the January-Juneperiod. During off-season maintenance and repairs will be performed throughout the plant. Itshould be noted that the dehydration section of the plant can be available during off-season forproduction of anhydrous ethanol from imported hydrous ethanol, if the economics of gasolinevs. ethanol make dehydration profitable.Oil-seed Crop ProcessingIn the absence of commercial oil-seed crops in Jamaica, large plots of land will have to bededicated to cultivation of plants, like castor beans, to support a biodiesel industry. Just likethe sugarcane-to-ethanol operation, the crop-to-biodiesel process is well established in manycountries regardless of the feedstock used. Today, off-the-shelf biodiesel production units fromnumerous manufacturers can handle a variety of feedstocks.From a processing standpoint, seeds will be harvested manually and/or mechanically and sentto a crusher for extraction of crude vegetable oil. Recycled oil can also be used, but dependingon its free fatty acid (FAA) content, pretreatment may be needed (Fig. 8). However, such a unitcan be ordered as a standard part of the integrated modular biodiesel unit to allow maximalflexibility in dealing with a variety of virgin and recycled feedstocks.Figure 8: Schematic representation of biodiesel production from oil-seed plants andrecycled oilThe oil is subsequently led through a series of vessels, where the transesterification processtakes place at 50-60 0 C in the presence of excess methanol and potassium hydroxide, whichcatalyzes the reaction. This standard process leads to the formation of primarily a mix ofmethyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerin in a weight ratio of approximately 10:1. After a series ofwashing and drying steps to remove impurities (methanol) and moisture, the biodiesel is readyfor testing to qualify it as appropriate for commercial use through blending with diesel. Theglycerin is generated as a dilute aqueous solution that can be used in a number of ways, suchas:41
Page 1 and 2: Assistance for Biofuels Developm
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 5 and 6: All countries with commercial biodi
Page 7 and 8: 2. Biomass Resource Identification2
Page 9 and 10: Figure 2: Areas of land in classes
Page 11 and 12: conditions accumulates dry mass und
Page 13 and 14: 1. Sugar cane varieties and observa
Page 15 and 16: Sugar cane is naturally tolerant to
Page 17 and 18: fermentable sugars are calculated f
Page 19 and 20: purchased in some form from elsewhe
Page 21 and 22: welfare, but sustainable production
Page 23 and 24: spacing) for cattle, pigs and other
Page 25 and 26: 3. Human and Institutional Resource
Page 27 and 28: Finally, Universities can also prov
Page 29 and 30: Exemption from import duties of cap
Page 31 and 32: farmers and Midwestern states, wher
Page 33 and 34: form methyl esters. The caloric val
Page 35 and 36: cost would be, to future world ener
Page 37 and 38: Figure 6: Typical financing structu
Page 39: 5. Processing and Distribution5.1 T
Page 43 and 44: operator and PCJ (and other blender
Page 45 and 46: Figure 9: Schematic representation
Page 47 and 48: Figure 11: Schematic representation
Page 49 and 50: agroenergy/biofuels operations in t
Page 51 and 52: ANNEX IPublic Education and Outreac
Page 53 and 54: In the scoping assessment, input wa
Page 55 and 56: Run over a longer period so that th
Page 57 and 58: estates is completed. The large mil
Page 59 and 60: (a) What waste vegetable oils are o
Page 61 and 62: (g) Information on long term supply
Page 63 and 64: (f) Information to control the spre
Page 65 and 66: Jamaica BroilersJamaica Public Serv
Page 67 and 68: The Jamaica Manufacturers’ Associ
Page 69 and 70: phone hotline and email address wit
Page 71 and 72: ut first, the necessary steps need
Page 73 and 74: etc.), and that labour laws arecomp
Page 75 and 76: campaign management team.75
Page 79 and 80: Annex Ib. BudgetThe budget below is
Page 81 and 82: Activity 5: Best practices forbiofu
Page 83 and 84: Annex Ic. Useful resources for educ
Page 85 and 86: ANNEX IIPilot Project Identificatio
Page 87 and 88: Over the 15 years of its depreciate
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3: Effect of the selling pri
Page 91 and 92:
Pilot Project: Duckenfield Estate -
Page 93 and 94:
Additional assumptions involve exte
Page 95 and 96:
Sensitivity to Sugar Price30.00%25.
Page 97 and 98:
Sensitivity to Ethanol Price30.00%2
Page 99 and 100:
Pilot Projects: Discussion of Other
Page 101 and 102:
Pilot Project: Biodiesel RefineryBa
Page 103 and 104:
iodiesel subsidize it one way or an
Page 105 and 106:
Financial Analysis for 3 Million Ga
Page 107 and 108:
ANNEX IIIJamaica Biofuels Implement
Page 109 and 110:
In-Depth Project Feasibility Studie
Page 111 and 112:
Project ImplementationTask Force ac
Page 113 and 114:
This table summarizes the area (ha)
Page 115 and 116:
Clarendon Figure 1115
Page 117 and 118:
Hanover Figure 1117
Page 119 and 120:
Kingston St. Andrew Figure 1119
Page 121 and 122:
Manchester Figure 1121
Page 123 and 124:
Portland Figure 1123
Page 125 and 126:
Saint Ann Figure 1125
Page 127 and 128:
Saint Catherine Figure 1127
Page 129 and 130:
Saint Elizabeth Figure 1129
Page 131 and 132:
Saint James Figure 1131
Page 133 and 134:
Saint Mary Figure 1133
Page 135 and 136:
Saint Thomas Figure 1135
Page 137 and 138:
Trelawny Figure 1137
Page 139 and 140:
Westmoreland Figure 1139
Page 141:
ANNEX VSummary of Sugarcane industr
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Jamaica Biofuels Report - Ministry of Energy

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