Proceedings Fonetik 2009 - Institutionen för lingvistik

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Proceedings, FONETIK 2009, Dept. of Linguistics, Stockholm Universityare relevant for the next section, for the discussion.Speech activity and phonation timeSpeech activity increases for the children A, Band D between morning and afternoon and ishighest for the children B and C (Table 1).Child C has a higher activity in the morning andduring lunch, but decreases activity in the afternoon.Phonation time is in general highest forchild B, who also shows the strongest increaseover the day. The children A and D show lowestphonation time, however child A shows aclearly higher level in the afternoon. Child Chas a degree of phonation time in between withthe highest measure at lunchtime.Table 1. Degree of hoarseness, speech activity andphonation time.CHILDRecordingHoarsenessin mmVASSpeechactivityin (%)phonationtimein (%)A m 53 20.6 9.5A l 81 19.4 9.9A a 72.5 30.5 13B m 16.5 26.5 14.5B l 21 33.3 17.7B a 25.5 39.7 25.2C m 29.5 34.1 11.9C l 26 34.2 14.2C a 28.5 24.9 12.3D m 20.5 16.9 8.1D l 18.5 21.2 9.9D a 10 28.8 9.7speechactivityin%voicing in relation to speech454035302520151050R 2 = 0,63810 10 20 30phonation time in %Figure 1. Correlation between speech activity andphonation time.There is generally a good correlation betweenspeech activity and phonation time as can beseen in Figure 1. This means that both measurespoint in the same direction giving an outline towhether a child is an active speaker or not.Fundamental frequency (F0)Table 2 shows not only the results from spontaneousspeech but even measures of the meanfundamental frequency obtained from the BUGrecordingwith controlled speech.Child B produces speech on a relativelyhigh mean F0 with a large F0-range in themorning and decreases mean F0 and range overthe rest of the day. Furthermore, child B is producingspeech on a clearly higher mean F0 inspontaneous speech compared to controlledspeech.Child C presents a relatively strong increaseof mean F0 over the day, however the range isbroad in the morning and at lunch but lessbroad in the afternoon. Mean F0 is relativelyhigh for spontaneous speech compared to thecontrolled condition in the afternoon but rathermoderately higher for the other times of theday.Child D shows a moderate increase of F0and maintains a fairly stable F0-range over theday. F0-mean is higher in the morning and atlunch for spontaneous speech compared to controlledspeech, however for the afternoon recordingF0 is much higher for the controlledcondition.Table 2. Degree of hoarseness, mean fundamentalfrequency, F0-standard deviation, F0-median andmean F0 for controlled speech.CHILDand recordingHoarsenessinmmVASF0meanin [Hz]F0sd in[Hz]F0 medianin [Hz]F0 meancontrolledin [Hz]A, m 53 322 77 308 354A, l 81 331 79 325 307A, a 72.5 328 74 315 275B, m 16.5 369 100 358 266B, l 21 308 88 295 236B, a 25.5 305 85 296 236C, m 29.5 290 108 292 284C, l 26 302 110 306 285C, a 28.5 335 92 328 279D, m 20.5 312 91 298 270D, l 18.5 321 88 311 279D, a 10 332 90 318 354No clear tendency over the day can be observedfor Child A; possibly a moderate F0-increasefor lunch and a slight F0-decrease in the after-122
Proceedings, FONETIK 2009, Dept. of Linguistics, Stockholm Universitynoon. Range varies little between morning andlunch and decreases somewhat in the afternoon.Even the relationship between the F0-measurements of the different conditions showsquite a discrepancy: higher F0 occurs for thecontrolled recording in the morning, but at theother two instances F0 is higher for the spontaneousrecordings, where the difference is largestin the afternoon.Child A uses in general a narrow F0-range,whereas child C shows the broadest F0-range.Speech intensityChild B produces speech with highest intensityin general and child C with lowest intensity(Table 3). Child B presents little variation inintensity at lunch and in the afternoon, which isequally high for both times of the day. Also themedian of intensity is clearly higher for lunchand in the afternoon compared to the other childrenand for all recordings higher then themean. This means that child B is producingspeech at high vocal loudness most of the time.Table 3. Degree of hoarseness, mean intensity,standard deviation and median of intensity.CHILDand recordingHoarse-ness inmm VASIntensitymeanin [dB]Intensity,sd in[dB]Intensity,medianin [dB]A, m 53 71 18 72A, l 81 72 18 75A, a 72.5 71 19 72B, m 16.5 76 23 80B, l 21 73 17 76B, a 25.5 78 17 83C, m 29.5 64 16 65C, l 26 65 17 67C, a 28.5 70 17 72D, m 20.5 72 17 77D, l 18.5 71 17 75D, a 10 70 17 72Speech intensity and background noiseIt can be seen in Table 4 that the speech intensityof the children’s speech is lower than theintensity of the background noise in most cases.However, child C, who is exposed to the highestlevel of background noise, produces speechwith the lowest intensity level. Child B, whoalso is exposed to a fairly high level of backgroundnoise on the other hand, also producesspeech at a relatively high intensity level, whichin the afternoon is even higher than the level ofbackground noise. In the case of the lowestmeasured level of background noise (70dB and71dB) the children exposed to that level producespeech either slightly stronger (child D) orat the same intensity level (child A).Table 4. Degree of hoarseness, mean backgroundnoise intensity, mean speech intensity and the differencebetween the intensity levels.CHILDand recordingHoarse-ness inmmVASBackgroundintensitymeanin [dB]Child’sspeech intensity,mean in [dB]differenceA, m 53 75 71 -4A, l 81 79 72 -7A, a 72.5 71 71 0B, m 16.5 82 76 -6B, l 21 76 73 -3B, a 25.5 73 78 5C, m 29.5 81 64 -17C, l 26 81 66 -15C, a 28.5 78 70 -8D, m 20.5 70 72 2D, l 18.5 75 71 -4D, a 10 73 71 -2DiscussionIn this section the relationship between thechildrens speech behaviour presented in the resultsand the degree of hoarseness obtainedfrom an earlier study (McAllister et al.) are discussed.As there is a good correlation betweenspeech activity and phonation time (see Figure1), these parameters will be discussed together.Hoarseness vs. speech activity andphonation timeThe child with highest increase of speech activityand phonation time over the day – child B –also shows a clear increase of hoarseness. ChildB, however is not the child with the highest degreeof hoarseness. The child with the highestdegree and increase of hoarseness – child A –does not show the highest degree of speech activityand phonation time. Child A reveals mostspeech activity and highest phonation time inthe afternoon, but highest degree of hoarsenessaround lunchtime. Child C is an active child,but does not present us with a change for theworse in terms of hoarseness. However, thischild exhibits a slightly higher degree ofhoarseness then child B. Child D shows a fairlylow level and an increase of speech activityover the day, but a decrease in hoarseness.123
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