Proceedings Fonetik 2009 - Institutionen för lingvistik

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Proceedings, FONETIK 2009, Dept. of Linguistics, Stockholm UniversityVariation in Eskilstuna and the reconstructionof DanishThe variation among Eskilstuna speakers withregard to whether they sound more like theCSw or DB dialect types can be diagnosed in asimple way by looking at the lexical/postlexicaltone of accent 2. In CSw it is H (cf. Figure5), in DB it is L (cf. Figure 10). Interestingly,this tonal variation appears to co-varywith the realization of creak/stød, at least forthe speakers I have looked at so far. The generalizationappears to be that the HL% fall ismore noticeable with the Eskilstuna speakersthat sound more Central Swedish, that is,E106w, E47w, E147w, E67w and E118w. Thespeakers E8w, E8m and E149w sound morelike DB and they exhibit less pronounced falls,and less creak/stød. This patterning can be understoodin terms of compression.According to the general hypothesis, the DBvariety as spoken further to the northwest ofEskilstuna is a response to the compression instantiatedby curl, hence that the DB varietyspoken has developed from an earlierEskilstuna-like system (Riad 2000ab). By shiftingthe other tones of the focus contour to theleft, the compression is relieved. As a consequence,creak/stød should also be expected tooccur less regularly. The relationship betweenthe dialects is schematically depicted for accent2 simplex and compounds in Figure 12. Arrowsindicate where things have happened relative tothe preceding variety.SimplexStandard CSwEskilstuna CSwEskilstuna DBDB properCompoundFigure 12. Schematic picture of the tonal shift inaccent 2 simplex and compounds.The tonal variation within Eskilstuna thusallows us to tentatively propose an order of diachronicevents, where the DB variety should beseen as a development from a double-peak systemlike the one in CSw, i.e. going from top tobottom in Figure 12. Analogously, we wouldassume a similar relationship between the formertonal dialect in Sjælland and the surroundingtonal dialects of South Swedish, SouthNorwegian and West Norwegian.The further development within SjællandDanish, involves the phonologization of stødand the loss of the tonal distinction. The reconstructionof these events finds support in thephenomenon of generalized accent 2, alsofound in Eastern Mälardalen. Geographically,the area which has this pattern is to the east ofEskilstuna. The border between curl and generalizedaccent 2 is crisp and the tonal structure isclearly CSw in character. The loss of distinctiveaccent 2 by generalization of the pattern toall relevant disyllables can thus also be connectedto a system like that found in Eskilstuna,in particular the variety with compression andrelatively frequent creak/stød (Eskilstuna CSwin Figure 12). For further aspects of the hypothesisand arguments in relation to Danish,cf. Riad (1998a, 2000ab).ConclusionThe tonal dialects within Scandinavia are quitetightly connected, both as regards tonal representationand tonal grammar, a fact that ratherlimits the number of possible developments(Riad 1998b). This makes it possible to reconstructa historical development from a now losttonal system in Denmark to the present-daystød system. We rely primarily on the rich tonalvariation within the Eastern Mälardal region,where Eskilstuna and the surrounding varietiesprovide several phonetic, distributional, dialectological,geographical and representationalpieces of the puzzle that prosodic reconstructioninvolves.AcknowledgementsI am indebted to Bengt Nordberg for providingme with cds of his 1967 recordings inEskilstuna. Professor Nordberg has been of invaluablehelp in selecting representative informantsfor the various properties that I waslooking for in this dialect.Notes1. For a different view of the markedness issue,cf. Lahiri, Wetterlin, and Jönsson-Steiner(2005)2. There are other differences (e.g. in the realizationof accent 1), which are left out of thispresentation.16
Proceedings, FONETIK 2009, Dept. of Linguistics, Stockholm UniversityReferencesBasbøll H. (1985) Stød in Modern Danish.Folia Linguistica XIX.1–2, 1–50.Basbøll H. (2005) The Phonology of Danish(The Phonology of the World’s Languages).Oxford: Oxford University Press.Bleckert L. (1987) Centralsvensk diftongeringsom satsfonetiskt problem. (Skrifter utgivnaav institutionen för nordiska språk vid Uppsalauniversitet 21) Uppsala.Boersma P. and Weenink D. (2009) Praat: doingphonetics by computer (Version 5.1.04)[Computer program]. Retrieved in April2009 from http://www.praat.org/.Bruce G. and Gårding E. (1978) A prosodic typologyfor Swedish dialects. In Gårding E.,Bruce G., and Bannert R. (eds) Nordic prosody.Papers from a symposium (Travaux del‘Institut de Linguistique de Lund 13) LundUniversity, 219–228.Fintoft K., Mjaavatn P.E., Møllergård E., andUlseth B. (1978) Toneme patterns in Norwegiandialects. In Gårding E., Bruce G.,and Bannert R. (eds) Nordic prosody. Papersfrom a symposium (Travaux del‘Institut de Linguistique de Lund 13) LundUniversity, 197–206.Fischer-Jørgensen E. (1989) A Phonetic studyof the stød in Standard Danish. Universityof Turku. (revised version of ARIPUC 21,56–265).Gauffin [Lindqvist] J. (1972) A descriptivemodel of laryngeal articulation in speech.Speech Transmission Laboratory QuarterlyProgress and Status Report (STL-QPSR)(Dept. of Speech Transmission, Royal Instituteof Technology, Stockholm) 2–3/1972,1–9.Gauffin [Lindqvist] J. (1972) Laryngeal articulationstudied on Swedish subjects. STL-QPSR 2–3, 10–27.Gussenhoven C. (2004) The Phonology ofTone and Intonation. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.Gussenhoven C. and van der Vliet P. (1999)The phonology of tone and intonation in theDutch dialect of Venlo. Journal of Linguistics35, 99–135.Kroman, E. (1947) Musikalsk akcent i dansk.København: Einar Munksgaard.Lahiri A., Wetterlin A., and Jönsson-Steiner E.(2005) Lexical specification of tone inNorth Germanic. Nordic Journal of Linguistics28, 1, 61–96.Liberman, A. (1982) Germanic Accentology.Vol. I: The Scandinavian languages. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,.Lindblom B. (to appear) Laryngeal machanismsin speech: The contributions of Jan Gauffin.Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology. [acceptedfor publication]Lindblom B. (this volume) F0 lowering, creakyvoice, and glottal stop: Jan Gauffin’s accountof how the larynx is used in speech.Nordberg B. (1969) The urban dialect ofEskilstuna, methods and problems. FUMSRapport 4, Uppsala University.Peters J. (2007) Bitonal lexical pitch accents inthe Limburgian dialect of Borgloon, InRiad, T. and Gussenhoven C. (eds) Tonesand Tunes, vol 1. Typological Studies inWord and Sentence Prosody, 167–198.(Phonology and Phonetics). Berlin: Moutonde Gruyter.Pettersson P. and Forsberg K. (1970) Beskrivningoch register över Eskilstunainspelningar.FUMS Rapport 10, Uppsala University.Riad T. (1998a) Curl, stød and generalized accent2. Proceedings of Fonetik 1998 (Dept.of Linguistics, Stockholm University) 8–11.Riad T. (1998b) Towards a Scandinavian accenttypology. In Kehrein W. and Wiese R.(eds) Phonology and Morphology of theGermanic Languages, 77–109 (LinguistischeArbeiten 386) Tübingen: Niemeyer.Riad T. (2000a) The origin of Danish stød. InLahiri A. (ed) Analogy, Levelling andMarkedness. Principles of change in phonologyand morphology. Berlin/New York:Mouton de Gruyter, 261–300.Riad T. (2000b) Stöten som aldrig blev av –generaliserad accent 2 i Östra Mälardalen.Folkmålsstudier 39, 319–344.Riad T. (2005) Historien om tonaccenten. InFalk C. and Delsing L.-O. (eds), Studier isvensk språkhistoria 8, Lund: Studentlitteratur,1–27.Ringgaard K. (1983) Review of Liberman(1982). Phonetica 40, 342–344.Sundgren E. (2002) Återbesök i Eskilstuna. Enundersökning av morfologisk variation ochförändring i nutida talspråk. (Skrifter utgivnaav Institutionen för nordiska språk vidUppsala universitet 56) Uppsala.17
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