Proceedings Fonetik 2009 - Institutionen för lingvistik

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Proceedings, FONETIK 2009, Dept. of Linguistics, Stockholm UniversityFigure 4. The Euclidean distance for the first threeformants (in Bark) for female and male speakers.Figure 4 shows the Euclidean distance betweendialects of long close vowels for female andmale speakers. The black bars display the distancebetween ES and CS, grey bars betweenES and FS, and white bars between CS and FS.Except for /iː/ in female speakers, the longclose vowels of ES are closer to CS than to FS(a two-tailed t-test reveals a trend towards significance;t=-1.72, p=0.062).DiscussionOur results show that at least this variety of ES(Rickul) has only three distinct close vowels:/iː/, /yː/ and /uː/. There is an almost completeoverlap of the target vowels [yː] and [ʉː] in ES.The plotted F1/F2 vowel space of close ESvowels bears a striking resemblance to that ofEstonian which also distinguishes between thesame three close vowels (cf. Eek and Meister,1998).As pointed out above, earlier descriptions ofES refer to the varying quality of /yː/ in differentdialects (cf. E. Lagman 1979: 53). Auditoryanalysis of the vowel sound in the word nypreveals that the vowel is actually realised as adiphthong [iʉː] by all our ES speakers, but aswe only measured the quality of the second partof the diphthong (at only one point in thevowel), our measurements do not reflect diphthongisation.It is also possible that if a differenttest word had been chosen the quality of the/yː/ would have been different.Similarily, the present analysis does notcapture the diphthongisation that is common inCS long close vowels.As shown by earlier studies (e.g. Fant, et al.1969) the close front vowel space in CS iscrowded on the F1/F2 dimension, and there isno clear separation of /iː/ and /yː/. In our data,there also occurs an overlap of [iː] and [yː] with[ʉː] for female CS speakers. All three vowelsare, however, separated nicely by the F3 dimension.It is perhaps worth noting that the mean F2for /iː/ is somewhat lower for CS female speakersthan male speakers. This difference isprobably due to one of the female speakers whorealised her /iː/ as the so called Viby /iː/ whichis pronounced as [ɨː].Our results confirm that the FS /ʉː/ is aclose central vowel that is acoustically closer to[uː] than to [yː] (cf. Kuronen, 2000: 136), andsignificantly different from the realisations ofthe target vowel /ʉː/ in the other two varietiesunder question.The comparison of ES with CS and FS bymeans of the Euclidean distance allowed us toassess the proximity of ES vowels with theother two varieties. Interestingly, it seems thatthe results of the comparison point to less distancebetween ES and CS than between ES andFS. This is contrary to our initial hypothesisbased on E. Lagman’s (1979: 5) observationthat the main dialectal features of ES resemblemost FS. However, this does not necessarilymean that the language contact between CS andES must account for these similarities. Giventhat the ES vowels also resemble Estonianvowels a detailed acoustic comparison with Estonianvowels would yield a more coherent pictureon this issue.ConclusionsThis paper has studied the acoustic characteristicsof long close vowels in Estonian Swedish(ES) as compared to Finland Swedish (Borgå)and Central Swedish (Kårsta). The data for theanalysis was extracted from the elicited wordlist used for the SweDia 2000 database. Thesame materials were used for recording theRickul variety of ES.The analysis showed that the inventory oflong close vowels in ES includes three vowels.Comparison of the vowels in the three varietiesin terms of Euclidean distance revealed that thelong close vowels in ES are more similar tothose of CS than FS.58
Proceedings, FONETIK 2009, Dept. of Linguistics, Stockholm UniversityMuch work remains to be done in order toreach a comprehensive phonetic analysis of ESvowels. More speakers need to be recordedfrom different varieties of ES to examine incloser detail the dialectal variation within ES.In the following work on ES vowels, we areplanning to carry out dynamic formant analysisin order to capture possible diphthongisation aswell as speaker variation.AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank Joost van de Weijer forhelp with statistical analysis, Gösta Bruce foradvice and discussing various aspects of Swedishvowels, and Francis Nolan for his commentson a draft of this paper. We are also verygrateful to our Estonian Swedish subjects whowillingly put up with our recording sessions.We owe a debt to Ingegerd Lindström and GöteBrunberg at Svenska Odlingens Vänner – theEstonian Swedes’ cultural organisation inStockholm – for hosting the Estonian Swedishrecording sessions. The work on this paper wassupported by the Estonian Science Foundationgrant no. 7904, and a scholarship from theRoyal Swedish Academy of Letters, Historyand Antiquities.ReferencesBleckert L. (1986) Ett komplement till den europeiskaspråkatlasen (ALE): Det estlandssvenskamaterialet till första volymserien(ALE I 1). Swedish Dialects and FolkTraditions 1985, Vol. 108. Uppsala: The Instituteof Dialect and Folklore Research.Bruce G., Elert C.-C., Engstrand O., and ErikssonA. (1999) Phonetics and phonology ofthe Swedish dialects – a project presentationand a database demonstrator. Proceedingsof ICPhS 99 (San Francisco), 321–324.Danell G. (1905–34) Nuckömålet I–III. Stockholm.Eek A., Meister E. (1998) Quality of StandardEstonian vowels in stressed and unstressedsyllables of the feet in three distinctivequantity degrees. Linguistica Uralica 34, 3,226–233.Elert C.-C. (2000) Allmän och svensk fonetik.Stockholm: Norstedts.Engstrand O. (2004) Fonetikens grunder. Lund:Studentlitteratur.Fant G., Henningson G., Stålhammar U. (1969)Formant Frequencies of Swedish Vowels.STL-QPSR 4, 26–31.Haugen E. (1976) The Scandinavian languages:an introduction to their history. London:Faber & Faber.Kuronen M. (2000) Vokaluttalets akustik isverigesvenska, finlandssvenska och finska.Studia Philologica Jyväskyläensia 49.Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä.Kuronen M. (2001) Acoustic character ofvowel pronunciation in Sweden-Swedishand Finland-Swedish. Working papers,Dept. of Linguistics, Lund University 49,94–97.Ladefoged P., Maddieson I. (1996) The Soundsof the World’s Languages. Oxford: Blackwell.Lagman E. (1979) En bok om Estlands svenskar.Estlandssvenskarnas språkförhållanden.3A. Stockholm: KulturföreningenSvenska Odlingens Vänner.Lagman H. (1971) Svensk-estnisk språkkontakt.Studier över estniskans inflytande påde estlandssvenska dialekterna. Stockholm.Malmberg B. (1966) Nyare fonetiska rön ochandra uppsatser i allmän och svensk fonetik.Lund: Gleerups.Niemi S. (1981) Sverigesvenskan, finlandssvenskanoch finskan som kvalitetsochkvantitetsspråk. Akustiska iakttagelser.Folkmålsstudier 27, Meddelanden frånFöreningen för nordisk filologi. Åbo: ÅboAkademi, 61–72.Riad T. (1997) Svensk fonologikompendium.University of Stockholm.Tiberg N. (1962) Estlandssvenska språkdrag.Lund: Carl Bloms Boktryckeri A.-B.59
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