Proceedings Fonetik 2009 - Institutionen för lingvistik

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Proceedings, FONETIK 2009, Dept. of Linguistics, Stockholm UniversityFigure 6. Pitch contours of the initial phrase Flyget,tåget och bilbranchen ‘Airlines, train companiesand the automobile industry’ produced by 118South Swedish speakers.Figure 5. Geographical distribution of the four pitchpatterns of phrase-initial accent I observed in SouthSwedish varieties and two reference varieties(Stockholm and Gothenburg Swedish).Additional observationsWhile we have observed a variability for pitchpatterns accompanying the accent I word in initialposition of the phrase under study in SouthSwedish, the other two accented words of thephrase show an apparent constancy for theirpitch patterns. The second accent I word tågethas the regular falling pattern, while the thirdfinal word of the phrase bilbranschen (accent IIcompound) displays an expected rise-fall on thesequence of syllables consisting of the primarystress (the first syllable of the word) and thenext syllable. This is true of basically all productionsof each variety of South Swedish, ascan be seen in Figure 6, showing the pitch contoursof all South Swedish speakers.DiscussionIn our study of the phonetic realisation of anaccent I word in phrase-initial position, wehave observed a difference in variability for thevarieties investigated. Even if it should beadmitted that there may be some difficulties ofclassification of the pitch patterns involved, andthat the data points in our study may be relativelyfew, the variability among pitch patternsfor phrase-initial accent I is still clear. So whilethe Central Swedish pitch patterns for phraseinitialaccent I both to the East (Stockholm) andto the West (Gothenburg) display an apparentconstancy, albeit with distinct patterns – EastCentral Swedish rising and West Central Swedishfall-rise – the corresponding pitch patternsin South Swedish can be described as morevariable. This would appear to be true of eachof the sub-varieties in this group, but there isalso an interesting difference between some ofthem. As we have seen, the falling default pitchpattern in the South is dominating in the majorityof the sub-varieties examined, even if both arising pattern and a fall-rise are not uncommonhere. But there seems to be a difference in geographicaldistribution, so that towards northeastwithin the South Swedish region the percentageof a rising pattern has increased, while there isa corresponding tendency for the fall-rise to bea more a frequent pattern towards northwest. Ahigh level pitch, which can be seen as functionallyequivalent to the rising pattern (and maybeeven to the fall-rise), is a relatively frequentpattern only in some northern sub-varieties ofthe South Swedish region.It is tempting to interpret the occurrence ofthe rising pattern of initial accent I in South46
Proceedings, FONETIK 2009, Dept. of Linguistics, Stockholm UniversitySwedish as an influence from and adaptation toEast Central Swedish. Also the occurrence ofthe fall-rise can be seen as an adaptation toWest Swedish intonation. The addition of a riseafter the falling gesture resulting in a fall-rise(typical of West Central Swedish) would – for aSouth Swedish speaker – appear to be less of aconcession than the substitution of a fallingpitch gesture with a rising one. The added riseafter the fall for phrase-initial accent I does notseem to alter the intonational phrasing in a fundamentalway. But even if a rising pitch gesturefor initial accent I may appear to be a morefundamental change of the phrase intonation, itstill seems to be a feasible modification ofSouth Swedish phrase intonation. The integrationof a rising pattern in this phrase positiondoes not appear to disturb the general structureof South Swedish phrase intonation. Our impressionis further that having a rising pitchgesture on the first accent I word followed by aregular falling gesture on the second word (creatinga kind of hat pattern as it were) does notchange the equal prominence to be expected forthe successive words of the phrase under studyeither. Moreover, a pitch rise in the beginningof an intonation unit (as well as a fall at the endof a unit) could be seen as a default choice forintonational phrasing, if the language or dialectin question does not impose specific constraintsdictated for example by features of accentuation.[computer program]. http://www.praat.org/,visited 30-Mar-09.Bruce G. (2007) Components of a prosodic typologyof Swedish intonation. In Riad T.and Gussenhoven C. (eds) Tones andTunes, Volume 1, 113-146, Berlin: Moutonde Gruyter.Elenius K. (1999) Two Swedish SpeechDat databases- some experiences and results.Proc. of Eurospeech 99, 2243-2246.Elert C.-C. (1994) Indelning och gränser inomområdet för den nu talade svenskan - en aktuelldialektografi. In Edlund L. E. (ed) Kulturgränser- myt eller verklighet, Umeå,Sweden: Diabas, 215-228.Gårding E. (1977) The Scandinavian word accents.Lund, Gleerup.Gårding E. and Lindblad P. (1973) Constancyand variation in Swedish word accent patterns.Working Papers 7. Lund: Lund University,Phonetics Laboratory, 36-110.Meyer E. A. (1937) Die Intonation imSchwedischen, I: Die Sveamundarten. StudiesScand. Philol. Nr. 10. Stockholm University.Meyer E. A. (1954) Die Intonation imSchwedischen, II: Die Sveamundarten.Studies Scand. Philol. Nr. 11. StockholmUniversity.AcknowledgementsThis paper was initially produced as an invitedcontribution to a workshop on phrase-initialpitch contours organised by Tomas Riad andSara Myrberg at the Scandinavian LanguagesDepartment, Stockholm University in March2009. It is related to the SIMULEKT project(cf. Beskow et al., 2008), a co-operation betweenPhonetics at Lund University and SpeechCommunication at KTH Stockholm, funded bythe Swedish Research Council 2007-2009.ReferencesBeskow J., Bruce G., Enflo L., Granström B.,and Schötz S. (alphabetical order) (2008)Recognizing and Modelling Regional Varietiesof Swedish. Proceedings of Interspeech2008, Brisbane, Australia.Boersma P. and Weenink D. (2009) Praat: doingphonetics by computer (version 5.1)47
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