<strong>Proceedings</strong>, FOETIK <strong>2009</strong>, Dept. of Linguistics, Stockholm University10-month-old infants, further studies with infantsyounger than six months are necessaryand currently under way to provide the requireddevelopmental comparison.MMN was strongest in the nonnative consonantalchange condition in this study. Eventhough the tonal stimuli are generally very interestingfor infants and potentially not processedthe same way as speech, the absence ofclear mismatch negativity shows that the 10-month-olds’ brains did not react in the sameway to change in tones as they did to change inconsonants in the native condition. Furthermore,repetition of the same tone elicited higherabsolute activation than change in a series oftonal speech sounds.Interestingly, MMN is in this study the onlyresponse pattern to a detected change in a seriesof speech sounds. Rivera-Gaxiola and colleagueshad found subgroups with positive ornegative ERP discrimination curves in 11-month-olds (2005), whereas MMN is a strongand stable indicator of discrimination in ourparticipants. And this is the case even withvarying repetition distribution of the first contrasttaking up between 50 % and 70 % of atrial (corresponding to two to five times) incomparison to the fixed presentation of the secondcontrast (two times). Leppänen and colleagues(2002) presented the standard stimuluswith 80% and each of their two deviant stimuluswith 10 % probability with a 610 ms interstimulusinterval observe MMN in 6-montholds.The MMN effect is therefore quite robustto changes in trial setup, at least in 10-montholds.ConclusionsThe ERP component mismatch negativity(MMN) is a reliable sign for the detection ofchange in a series of speech sounds in 10-month-old Swedish language environment infants.For the consonantal contrasts, the infants’neural response shows discrimination for native,but not nonnative contrasts. Neither do theinfants indicate discrimination of the nonnativetonal contrasts. This confirms previous findings(Rivera-Gaxiola et al., 2005) and providesphysiological evidence for language-specificspeech perception in 10 month-olds.AcknowledgementsThis study is the joint effort of the language developmentresearch group at the Phonetics Labat Stockholm University and was funded by theSwedish Research Council (VR 421-2007-6400), the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation(Grant no. KAW 2005.0115), and the Bankof Sweden Tercentenary Foundation (MILLE,RJ K2003-0867), the contribution of all ofwhich we acknowledge gratefully. We wouldalso like to thank all participating families:without your interest and dedication, our researchwould not be possible.Footnotes1 Thompson is an Interior Salish (ative Indian)language spoken in south central BritishColumbia. In native terms, it is calledthlakampx or Inslekepmx. The example contrastdiffers in place of articulation.ReferencesBurnham, D. (2003). Language specific speechperception and the onset of reading. Readingand Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal,16(6), 573-609.Burnham, D., Francis, E., & Webster, D.(1996). The development of tone perception:Cross-linguistic aspects and the effect oflinguistic context. Paper presented at thePan-Asiatic Linguistics: Fourth InternationalSymposium on Language and Linguistics,Vol. 1: Language and Related Sciences,Institute of Language and Culture forRural Development, Mahidol University,Salaya, Thailand.Burnham, D., Tyler, M., & Horlyck, S. (2002).Periods of speech perception developmentand their vestiges in adulthood. In P. Burmeister,T. Piske & A. Rohde (Eds.), An integratedview of language development:Papers in honor of Henning Wode (pp. 281-300). Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag.Cheour, M., Leppänen, P. H. T., & Kraus, N.(2000). Mismatch negativity (MMN) as atool for investigating auditory discriminationand sensory memory in infants andchildren. Clinical europhysiology, 111(1),4-16.Friederici, A. D., Friedrich, M., & Christophe,A. (2007). Brain responses in 4-month-oldinfants are already language-specific. CurrentBiology, 17(14), 1208-1211.134
<strong>Proceedings</strong>, FOETIK <strong>2009</strong>, Dept. of Linguistics, Stockholm UniversityJusczyk, P. W., Cutler, A., & Redanz, N. J.(1993). Infants' preference for the predominantstress patterns of English words. ChildDevelopment, 64(3), 675-687.Kuhl, P. K. (2004). Early language acquisition:Cracking the speech code. ature Reviews:euroscience, 5(11), 831-843.Kuhl, P. K., Williams, K. A., Lacerda, F., Stevens,K. N., & Lindblom, B. (1992). Linguisticexperience alters phonetic perceptionin infants by 6 months of age. Science,255(5044), 606-608.Kushnerenko, E., Ceponiene, R., Balan, P.,Fellman, V., & Näätänen, R. (2002). Maturationof the auditory change detection responsein infants: A longitudinal ERP study.euroReport, 13(15), 1843-1848.Leppänen, P. H. T., Richardson, U., Pihko, E.,Eklund, K., Guttorm, T. K., Aro, M., et al.(2002). Brain responses to changes inspeech sound durations differ between infantswith and without familial risk for dyslexia.Developmental europsychology,22(1), 407-422.Näätänen, R. (2000). Mismatch negativity(MMN): perspectives for application. InternationalJournal of Psychophysiology,37(1), 3-10.Pang, E. W., Edmonds, G. E., Desjardins, R.,Khan, S. C., Trainor, L. J., & Taylor, M. J.(1998). Mismatch negativity to speechstimuli in 8-month-olds and adults. InternationalJournal of Psychophysiology, 29(2),227-236.Polka, L., & Bohn, O.-S. (1996). A crosslanguagecomparison of vowel perception inEnglish-learning and German-learning infants.Journal of the Acoustical Society ofAmerica, 100(1), 577-592.Polka, L., Colantonio, C., & Sundara, M.(2001). A cross-language comparison of /d/-/th/ perception: Evidence for a new developmentalpattern. Journal of the AcousticalSociety of America, 109(5 Pt 1), 2190-2201.Polka, L., & Werker, J. F. (1994). Developmentalchanges in perception of nonnativevowel contrasts. Journal of ExperimentalPsychology: Human Perception and Performance,20(2), 421-435.Rivera-Gaxiola, M. C. A., Silva-Pereya, J., &Kuhl, P. K. (2005). Brain potentials to nativeand non-native speech contrasts in 7-and 11-month-old American infants. DevelopmentalScience, 8(2), 162-172.Tees, R. C., & Werker, J. F. (1984). Perceptualflexibility: Maintenance or recovery of theability to discriminate non-native speechsounds. Canadian Journal of Psychology,38(4), 579-590.Teplan, M. (2002). Fundamentals of EEGmeasurement. Measurement Science Review,2(2), 1-11.Werker, J. F., & Lalonde, C. E. (1988). Crosslanguagespeech perception: Initial capabilitiesand developmental change. DevelopmentalPsychology, 24(5), 672-683.Werker, J. F., & Tees, R. C. (1984). Crosslanguagespeech perception: Evidence forperceptual reorganization during the firstyear of life. Infant Behavior and Development,7, 49-63.Werker, J. F., & Tees, R. C. (1999). Influenceson infant speech processing: Toward a newsynthesis. Annual Review of Psychology, 50,509-535.Werker, J. F., & Tees, R. C. (2002). Crosslanguagespeech perception: Evidence forperceptual reorganization during the firstyear of life. Infant Behavior and Development,25, 121-133.135
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