BOOKS IN REVIEWsales have surpassed expectations everyyear, from 7,500 for the First Fr<strong>in</strong>geTheatre Event to 135,000 for Fr<strong>in</strong>ge theFifth ; each year it has doubled the number<strong>of</strong> tickets sold the previous year.The loose organization and warm welcometo any theatre group accounts forthe festival's attraction. There is no settheme or grand design, and groups areaccepted on a first-come, first-servedbasis; they pay a small registration fee,are provided with a technician, and keepthe money they take <strong>in</strong> at the box <strong>of</strong>fice.Such an open policy has attracted performersand companies from across Canadaand abroad, and has featured playsthat have gone on to play far beyond theborders <strong>of</strong> Alberta: Charles Tidler'sStraight Ahead I Bl<strong>in</strong>d Dancers, MichaelBurrell's Hess, and Janet Fe<strong>in</strong>del's AParticular Class <strong>of</strong> Women.This success has prompted NeWestPress to publish the collection <strong>of</strong> one-actplays, Five from the Fr<strong>in</strong>ge. The shortestand the best — One Beautiful Even<strong>in</strong>gby Edmonton's Small Change Theatre— is from the first Fr<strong>in</strong>ge. It is a simpleand heart-warm<strong>in</strong>g story about an elderlywoman and man who meet at a communityb<strong>in</strong>go hall; though they neverw<strong>in</strong> a game, they do w<strong>in</strong> each other andgo <strong>of</strong>f arm-<strong>in</strong>-arm at the end <strong>of</strong> thenight. The <strong>in</strong>herent sentimentality <strong>of</strong>such a tale is blunted by the humourand distanced by the masks and mime <strong>in</strong>the play; the only characters who speakare the announcer and some <strong>of</strong> thosewho do w<strong>in</strong>. Life After Hockey is a onemanplay by Kenneth Brown deal<strong>in</strong>gwith an endur<strong>in</strong>g element <strong>in</strong> the experience<strong>of</strong> Canadian boys and men. R<strong>in</strong>kRat Brown, a husband and father overthirty years <strong>of</strong> age, relives his boyhooddays on the r<strong>in</strong>k and fantasizes abouttak<strong>in</strong>g Mike Bossy's place to score theovertime goal <strong>in</strong> the 1984 Canada Cupf<strong>in</strong>al aga<strong>in</strong>st the U.S.S.R. But the playdoes not probe deeply enough <strong>in</strong>to theCanadian psyche and is undercut by thegimmickry <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>sert<strong>in</strong>g the voice <strong>of</strong>Wayne Gretzky, "a godlike voice fromabove," and the Red Army chorus, andby a silly end<strong>in</strong>g that has Guy Lafleurmak<strong>in</strong>g a comeback with the MapleLeafs and <strong>in</strong>vit<strong>in</strong>g Brown to play on hisl<strong>in</strong>e. Cut! by Lyle Victor Albert is aneven sillier play, whose title the editorsmight well have applied to the play itself.Based on the premise <strong>of</strong> br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>gtogether characters rejected from wellknownplays, it might have sparkled likeStoppard's Rosencrantz and GuildensternAre Dead, but it does not. The rejectedcharacters — Clyde, Pr<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Denmarkand Hamlet's brother; Fiddleditch, anelderly Victorian butler; Nippletitus, thesister <strong>of</strong> Oedipus; Mrs. Kowalski, themother <strong>of</strong> Stanley; and Joey, a rejectfrom a modern musical, Hey, Dud!!!(with all three exclamation marks) —have some clever and witty exchanges,but too many are predictable and derivative.The f<strong>in</strong>al flat joke is the appearance<strong>of</strong> Godot — an old man <strong>in</strong> baggy pyjamaswho has been moan<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> thew<strong>in</strong>gs throughout — when all the othershave left the stage. Eat<strong>in</strong>g a cucumbersandwich, the remnant from anotherplay, he looks out at the audience andsays, "Where is everybody?" If the audiencewere wise, he would be referr<strong>in</strong>g tothem.Plays with greater possibilities thanthese two fantasies are two realisticdramas about the plight <strong>of</strong> the Métisand native Indians respectively. The Betrayalby Laurier Gareau concerns a confrontationbetween Gabriel Dumont andthe parish priest at Batoche, Julien Moul<strong>in</strong>,O.M.I., <strong>in</strong> 1905, the year before Dumont'sdeath. Told from Dumont's po<strong>in</strong>t<strong>of</strong> view, it condemns the role <strong>of</strong> thepriests at the battle <strong>of</strong> Batoche, and supportsDumont's questionable belief thatbut for the betrayal <strong>of</strong> the clergy theMétis would have won the battle. The236
BOOKS IN REVIEWFrench/Métis dialogue between the twomen helps recreate this imag<strong>in</strong>ed moment<strong>in</strong> Canadian history. May we hopethat Gareau or someone else will write afull-length play on Dumont as Coulter,Dorge, and others have done for Riel.The Land Called Morn<strong>in</strong>g, by John Selkirkwith Gordon Selkirk, is a series <strong>of</strong>vignettes about four Crée teenagers <strong>in</strong>Saskatchewan. This is an age group <strong>of</strong>our native people not <strong>of</strong>ten seen on thestage. Despite the suicide <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> thecharacters and a sentimentalized end<strong>in</strong>g,we are given a positive view <strong>of</strong> theirprospects for a good life, with a littlehelp from Emily Dick<strong>in</strong>son's poem, "Willthere really be a morn<strong>in</strong>g," which givesan added dimension to the lyric nature <strong>of</strong>the play.One Alberta-born playwright who hasgone far from the Fr<strong>in</strong>ge is George Ryga,the subject <strong>of</strong> Christopher Innes's Politicsand the Playwright, the first <strong>in</strong> aSimon & Pierre series, The CanadianDramatist. Innes has written an importantbook that surveys Ryga's career as aplaywright but also looks at his poems,novels, short stories, film scripts, andoratorios. It focuses on Ryga's chang<strong>in</strong>gpolitical and dramatic vision from Indian(1964) to the recently performed Paracelsus(1986). In seven chapters Inneslooks briefly at Ryga's Ukra<strong>in</strong>ian orig<strong>in</strong>s<strong>in</strong> northern Alberta, his short stories,early novels, and Indian, devotes lengthychapters to The Ecstasy <strong>of</strong> Rita Joe andCaptives <strong>of</strong> the Faceless Drummer, andthen goes on to show the evolution <strong>of</strong>the playwright's craft and vision <strong>in</strong> separatechapters on his dramaturgy, hisattempts to create a Canadian mythology,and his place <strong>in</strong> the alternativetheatre <strong>in</strong> Canada. Us<strong>in</strong>g unpublishedmanuscripts from the Ryga collection atthe <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Calgary as well asRyga's published work, <strong>in</strong>terviews andletters, Innes gives a broad and prob<strong>in</strong>gportrait <strong>of</strong> the most provocative <strong>of</strong>English-Canadian playwrights. The portraitis not always sympathetic, particularly<strong>in</strong> Innes's presentation <strong>of</strong> Ryga asthe creator <strong>of</strong> his own image <strong>of</strong> the artistas martyr. "Ryga," he says, "began creat<strong>in</strong>gthe persona <strong>of</strong> an artistic outsider,persecuted for his political convictions,"and though he cites some examples fromRyga's career, they are not conclusiveand may lead to an unfair question<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>Ryga's commitment to the cause <strong>of</strong> thepoor and underprivileged.Innes's analysis <strong>of</strong> the two major plays<strong>in</strong> his study are detailed and full <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>sight,too detailed at times. With accessto the manuscripts he compares all sixversions <strong>of</strong> Rita Joe up to the f<strong>in</strong>al oneat the National Arts Centre directed byDavid Gardner, which was used for thepublished text. A closer analysis <strong>of</strong> thattext and its impact on the Canadianstage and theatregoer would be moreuseful and <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g. Innes recounted<strong>in</strong> enough detail the controversy surround<strong>in</strong>gthe Vancouver Playhouse rejection<strong>of</strong> Captives to provoke a spiritedresponse from Peter Hay, the theatre'sdramaturge at the time, <strong>in</strong> Theatre History<strong>in</strong> Canada (Spr<strong>in</strong>g 1986). Respond<strong>in</strong>gto Innes's chapter <strong>in</strong> that journal,"The Psychology <strong>of</strong> Politics," Hay calledhis rebuttal "The Psychology <strong>of</strong> Distortion."Regardless <strong>of</strong> whose version ismore exact, the controversy and the image<strong>of</strong> the playwright that emerged fromit "contributed to Ryga's relative ostracization<strong>in</strong> the last decade." If Hay'sversion <strong>of</strong> the events is correct we shouldlook forward to a fuller account <strong>in</strong> hisbiography <strong>of</strong> Ryga, announced <strong>in</strong> CanadianTheatre Review (Summer 1979)with an excerpt, "George Ryga: The Beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>gs<strong>of</strong> a Biography."Innes uses his wide background <strong>in</strong>modern theatre to give a perspective onRyga's dramaturgy. He shows Ryga'ssearch for a form <strong>of</strong> his own, and discusseshow Ryga's work differs from ex-237
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