NOTES 34748 Bagley, C., “The social aetiology of schizophrenia in immigrants groups,”International Journal of Social <strong>Psychiatry</strong>, 17:292–304, 1971; Giggs, J., “High rates ofschizophrenia among immigrants in Nottingham,” Nursing Times, 69:1210–12,1973; Rwegellera, G.G.C., “Psychiatric morbidity among West Africans and WestIndians living in London,” Psychological Medicine, 7:317–29, 1977; Carpenter, I. andBrockington, I.F., “A study of mental illness in Asians, West Indians, and Africansliving in Manchester,” British Journal of <strong>Psychiatry</strong>, 137:201–5, 1980; Bebbington,P.E., Hurry, J, and Tennant, C., “Psychiatric disorders in selected immigrant groupsin Camberwell,” Social <strong>Psychiatry</strong>, 16:43–51, 1981; Dean, G., Walsh, D., Downing,H. and Shelley, E., “First admissions of native born and immigrants to psychiatrichospitals in South East England, 1976,” British Journal of <strong>Psychiatry</strong>, 139:506–12,1981; Harrison, G., Owens, D., Holton, T. et al., “A prospective study of severemental disorder in Afro-Caribbean patients,” Psychological Medicine, 18:643–57, 1988.49 Cochrane, R., “Mental illness in immigrants to England and Wales: An analysis ofmental hospital admissions, 1971,” Social <strong>Psychiatry</strong>, 12:25–35, 1977; Cochrane, R.and Bal, S.S., “Migration and schizophrenia: An examination of five hypotheses,”Social <strong>Psychiatry</strong>, 22:181–91, 1987; Glover, G.R., The pattern of psychiatricadmissions of Caribbean-born immigrants in London,” Social <strong>Psychiatry</strong> andPsychiatric Epidemiology, 24:49–56, 1989.50 Cade, J.F.J. and Krupinski, J., “Incidence of psychiatric disorders in Victoria inrelation to country of birth,” Medical Journal of Australia, 49:400–4, 1962.51 Halevi, H.S., “Frequency of mental illness among Jews in Israel,” InternationalJournal of Social <strong>Psychiatry</strong>, 9:268–82, 1963.52 Cochrane, “Mental illness in immigrants to England and Wales.”53 Malzberg, “Are immigrants psychologically disturbed?” pp. 416–17.54 Bland, R.C. and Orn, H., “<strong>Schizophrenia</strong>: Sociocultural factors,” Canadian Journal of<strong>Psychiatry</strong>, 26:186–8, 1981.55 Bagley, C. and Binitie, A., “Alcoholism and schizophrenia in Irishmen in London,”British Journal of Addiction, 65:3–7, 1970; Clare, A.W., “Alcoholism andschizophrenia in Irishmen in London: A reassessment,” British Journal of Addiction,69:207–12, 1974.56 Arieti, The Interpretation of <strong>Schizophrenia</strong>, pp. 499–501.57 Ödegard, 6., “Emigration and insanity,” Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica,supplement 4, 1932.58 Royes, K., “The incidence and features of psychoses in a Caribbean community,”Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress of <strong>Psychiatry</strong>, 2:1121–5, 1962; Burke, A.W.,“First admissions and planning in Jamaica,” Social <strong>Psychiatry</strong>, 9:39–45, 1974;Hickling, F.W. and Rodgers-Johnson, P., “The incidence of first-contactschizophrenia in Jamaica,” British Journal of <strong>Psychiatry</strong>, 167:193–6, 1995; Bhugra, D.,Hilwig, M., Hossein, B. et al., “First-contact incidence rates of schizophrenia inTrinidad and one-year follow-up,” British Journal of <strong>Psychiatry</strong>, 169:587–92, 1996;Mahy, G.E., Mallett, R., Leff, J. and Bhugra, D., “First-contact rate ofschizophrenia on Barbados,” British Journal of <strong>Psychiatry</strong>, 175:28–33, 1999.59 Clare, “Alcoholism and schizophrenia in Irishmen;” Walsh, D., O’Hare, A., Blake,B. et al., “The treated prevalence of mental illness in the Republic of Ireland—Thethree county register study,” Psychological Medicine, 10:465–70, 1980.
348 NOTES60 Adelstein, A.M. and Marmot, M.G., “The health of migrants in England andWales: Causes of death,” in J.K.Cruickshank, and D.G.Beevers (eds), Ethnic Factorsin Health and Disease, Kent, England: Wright, 1989.61 Lumb, K.M., Congdon, P.G. and Lealman, G.T., “A comparative review of Asianand British born maternity patients in Bradford, 1974–8,” Journal of Epidemiology andCommunity Health, 35:106–9, 1981.62 Terry, P.B., Condie, R.G., Bissenden, J.G. and Keridge, D.F., “Ethnic differencesin incidence of very low birthweight and neonatal deaths among normally formedinfants,” Archives of Disease of Childhood, 62:709–11, 1987; Griffiths, R., White, M.and Stonehouse, M., “Ethnic differences in birth statistics from centralBirmingham,” British Medical Journal, 298:94–5, 1989.63 Tuck, S.M., Cardozo, L.D., Studd, J.W.W. et al, “Obstetric characteristics indifferent social groups,” British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 90:892–7, 1983.64 World Health Organization, “Deliveries and complications of pregnancy, childbirthand the puerperium,” World Health Statistics Report, 21:468–71, 1968.65 Terry, P.B., Condie, R.G. and Settatree, R.S., “Analysis of ethnic differences inperinatal statistics,” British Medical Journal, 281:1307–8, 1980.66 Terry et al., “Incidence of very low birthweight and neonatal deaths;” Griffiths etal., “Ethnic differences in birth statistics.”67 Harrison et al., “Severe mental disorder in Afro-Caribbean patients.”68 McGovern, D. and Cope, R.V., “First psychiatric admission rate of first and secondgeneration Afro-Caribbeans,” Social <strong>Psychiatry</strong>, 22:139–49, 1987.69 Wessely, S., Castle, D., Der, G. and Murray, R., “<strong>Schizophrenia</strong> andAfroCaribbeans; A case-control study,” British Journal of <strong>Psychiatry</strong>, 159:795–801,1991.70 Thomas, C.S., Stone, K., Osborn, M. et al., “Psychiatric morbidity and compulsoryadmissions among UK-born Europeans, Afro-Caribbeans, and Asians in CentralManchester,” British Journal of <strong>Psychiatry</strong>, 163:91–9, 1993.71 Sugarman, P.A. and Craufurd, D., “<strong>Schizophrenia</strong> in the Afro-Caribbeancommunity,” British Journal of <strong>Psychiatry</strong>, 164:474–80, 1994.72 Hutchinson, G., Takei, N., Fahy, T.A. et al., “Morbid risk of schizophrenia in firstdegreerelatives of white and African-Caribbean patients with psychosis,” BritishJournal of <strong>Psychiatry</strong>, 169:776–80, 1996.73 Hutchinson, G., Takei, N., Bhugra, D. et al., “Increased rate of psychosis amongAfrican-Caribbeans in Britain is not due to an excess of pregnancy and birthcomplications,” British Journal of <strong>Psychiatry</strong>, 171:145–7, 1997.74 Harrison, “Searching for the causes of schizophrenia;” Eagles, J.M., “Therelationship between schizophrenia and immigration: Are there alternatives topsychosocial hypotheses? British Journal of <strong>Psychiatry</strong>, 159:783–9, 1991.75 Wing, J.K., “Schizophrenic psychoses: Causal factors and risks,” in P.Williams,G.Wilkinson and K.Rawnsley (eds), The Scope of Epidemiological <strong>Psychiatry</strong>, London:Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1989, pp. 225–39.76 Harrison, “Searching for the causes of schizophrenia.”77 Warner and de Girolamo, Epidemiology of <strong>Schizophrenia</strong>, section 3.2.2.78 Jablensky, A., Sartorius, N., Ernberg, G. et al., “<strong>Schizophrenia</strong>: Manifestations,incidence and course in different cultures: A World Health Organization tencountrystudy,” Psychological Medicine, supplement 20, 1992.
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Recovery from SchizophreniaRecovery
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First edition published 1985by Rout
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ContentsAcknowledgments viIntroduct
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devotion to excellence in creating
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ixA NOTE ON THEORYThe materialist t
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Part IBackground
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WHAT IS SCHIZOPHRENIA? 3WHAT IS SCH
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Table 3.3 Recovery rates in the USA
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RECOVERY FROM SCHIZOPHRENIA 79Table
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25 patients, and on the more distur
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Chapter 6Labor, poverty and schizop
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Part IIITreatment
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ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS: USE, ABUSE AND
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TREATMENT 247indicated, unemploymen
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TREATMENT 249success, for the lodge
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TREATMENT 251vocational programming
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FIGHTING STIGMAAlthough the mentall
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TREATMENT 295The National Alliance
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SUBJECT INDEX 397symbolic thinking
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SUBJECT INDEX 399volition disturban