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UNISCI Discussion Papers, Nº 33 (Octubre / October 2013) ISSN 1696-2206Dynamics International. The report enlists four (4) possible options organized in order tofoster an increasing political interactivity between Northern and Southern sovereignties withdistinctly recognizable international identities. These are described in the proceedingparagraphs. 32The first option is described as Mutual Isolation. As its name suggests, this optionentails a very limited scope of political interaction. This is a default option if no effort is madeto agree on common institutions to deal with issues of common interests. It is a recipe fordisaster and is ill-suited for case of Sudan and South Sudan where there are issues that need tobe jointly addressed through much tighter interaction than can be garnered from this option.The second option is Reciprocity between Independent States. It allows the twoindependent states to either interact on issues of common interest on ad hoc manner as theyarise or set up single institutions within each state through which the interaction on economicand political matters can be channeled. Considering the high stakes between Sudan and SouthSudan, one is bound to bypass this option in favor of searching for better institutionalarrangements that are commensurate with the stakes involved.And moving up higher, there is third option modeled as Economic Community ofIndependent States. The main objective of such interaction is economic and to a lesser extentpolitical. The scope of economic parameters is agreed between two sovereign states withprovisions of summit meetings of heads of the states and councils of ministers. Legislativebodies in the two states also interact and there is a legislature to regulate the interaction that isembodied in their respective constitutions. In this author's view, this is the minimum requiredfor smoothing out relationships between South Sudan and Sudan.And finally, there is Structured Union of Independent States. Here the two sovereignindependent states agree to set up common institutions. The competencies of the inter-statebodies are formally agreed between the two states. Interactions include meeting-forumsbetween heads of states and a council of ministers appointed by heads of the two independentstates. The common institutions are manned by representatives of the two sovereignindependent states whose task is to take decisions on issues of common interest that areidentified from time to time jointly by the two sovereign states. Decision-making in inter-statebodies is based on parallel consent 33 while at the executive levels (summit of heads of states,and council of ministers), decisions are based on unanimity. This option is seen to provide thehighest degree of political interaction between the North and South Sudan. One version ofUnion of Independent States is shown in Fig. 1. 34The choice of the model of interaction between Sudan and South Sudan sovereign statesshould put into consideration the following elements in regards to arrangements for politicalaccommodation: 3532 Mc Hugh, op. cit., p. 5.33 Ibid. “The term “parallel consent” is used … to encompass types of decision-making procedures that requireconcurrent simple or super-majorities within two or more communities in order for certain types of decisions tobe adopted. This form of decision making has been used in the legislative assemblies of Northern Ireland and theState Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003 – 2006), among other contexts”, p. 8.34 Fig.: Schematic Illustration of Structured Union of Confederal Sates. Source: Gerard Mc Hugh: EnvisioningSudan: Options for Political Accommodation between North and South Sudan Following Referendum,Publication of Conflict Dynamic International, (September 2010). Note the proportional representation in interstatebody (30:20). Other versions propose equal representation.35 Mc Hugh, op. cit., p. 24.160
UNISCI Discussion Papers, Nº 33 (Octubre / October 2013) ISSN 1696-2206• Should not interfere with or compromise the political independence of South Sudan;• Should strive as much as possible to implement the principle of right of self-determinationof the people of South Sudan as embodied in the CPA, as well as observing the equal right toself-determination of other people in the Sudan;• Should neither subordinate nor supersede executive-level authority in Sudan or SouthSudan;• The associated frameworks for political interactions should reflect all relevant provisionsagreed in the CPA without necessarily being constrained by the CPA;• Must be able to accommodate the needs of Southern Kordofan, Abyei, Blue Nile, and otherareas;• There must be equity of representation and effective checks and balances in place to ensureparity (for North and Sudan) in political decision making in the shared/common centralinstitutionsFig. 1: Schematic Illustration of Structured Union of Confederal Sates. Source: Gerard Mc Hugh(2010).161
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ISSN 1696-2206 Nº 33 Octubre /Octo
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Juan Emilio CheyreDirector, Center
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