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UNISCI Discussion Papers, Nº 33 (Octubre / October 2013) ISSN 1696-2206workshop organized in Khartoum by the Faisal Islamic Bank. 65 The former finance ministercalled for normalization of relations with the South in the event of secession, through openingup of North-South border, and provision of four (4) freedoms: movement, employment,ownership, and residence. He also advised the parties to the CPA not to tie borders´demarcation with referendum, and called for the formation of an economic union between theNorth and South Sudan with inter-state institutions to manage the relationships between twoindependent states.On the academic front, a number of researchers and political experts called for aconstitution to regulate the relations between the predecessor and successor states;maintaining that since it was highly likely there was going to be a secession vote, there wasno need for the government to conduct a referendum as it should declare South Sudan´sindependence inside the National legislative Assembly instead. 66 They also called for openborders, and a summit of heads of states where there must to be an equal representation ininter-state bodies. They also proposed that decision-making in inter-state bodies be byunanimity.At the level of political parties, both the Umma and DUP parties support confederationas an alternative to full secession. 67 The National Popular Party leader, Hassan Al-Turabi,however, dismissed the recent Egyptian proposal of confederation as “valueless and arcane”in an interview with Al-Sharq Al-Awsath. 68At a popular level, a new campaign organization named Movement for Assertion ofRights and Confirmation of Citizenship was formed in Khartoum. It called for dual nationalityfor Southerners in the South and Southerners in the North and four (4) freedoms for all thecitizens in the North and the South. 69 This quick overview of North Sudanese feelings aboutconfederation or other models of cooperation is not exhaustive by any stretch of imagination.However, it points to the possibility that with time, the majority of Northern Sudanese couldwelcome an initiative to confederate with South Sudan.5. The Stance of the International Community in Respect to ConfederationAs the date of conducting South Sudan´s self-determination approached, the internationalcommunity was getting concerned about the lack of a road map that clearly addressed vitalpost-referendum arrangements that included the nature of North-South relationships capableof tackling the unresolved outstanding political issues such as the Abyei referendum,management of oil and water resources, demarcation of North-South border, and thecitizenship rights of the soon to be independent neighbouring states, movement of people andownership of property, among others.65 Zain Albdeen: “Faisal Bank Workshop on Implications of Referendum”, Al-Sahafa, 17 October 2010, p. 7.66 Azreg, Khalid Al-Balula: “North-South Relationships: Experts Call for Declaration of South Independenceand Formation of National Government”, Future Trends Foundation Workshop, October 2010.67 Al-Bashir, Mona: “Post Referendum Sudan: Confederation a Safety Valve against Secession”, Sudan VisionDaily, 18 July 2010. Mona reports that Sadig Al-Mahadi submitted the proposal to SPLM during Juba meeting.Also that the DUP leader, Osman Al Merghani lea welcomed confederation caution that it needs to be carefullystudied first.68 “The interview of Dr. Turabi”, with Sharq Al-Awsath, republished in Akhbar Al-Youm Daily, 11 November2010, p. 7.69 Personal communication with organizers and reading their press release dated 25 October 2010.168
UNISCI Discussion Papers, Nº 33 (Octubre / October 2013) ISSN 1696-2206Some analysts went as far as expressing deep doubts, though in good faith, about thepracticality of South Sudan´s secession without making compromises in regards to sharing ofoil revenue, and reaching a framework agreement on institutional cooperation with theNorth. 70This concern caused the head of AU High Level panel, President Thabo Mbeki topropose a confederation to the CPA partners as one of viable post-referendum options in theevent of South Sudan´s secession by encouraging them to consider forming: “two independentcountries which negotiate a framework of cooperation, which extends to the establishment ofshared governance institutions in a confederal arrangement”.President Mbeki also reminded the NCP and the SPLM of the changing times, saying:“In the 21st century, the world has changed, and especially Africa has changed. No nation isan island sufficient unto itself. The African Union is itself an expression of the Africancontinent’s desire for integration and unity”.The US Secretary of State, Mrs. Hilary Clinton, warned the international community todo more in preparation for January 2011 and described the referendum process as a ‘tickingtime bomb’, given that the outcome was more likely to be in favor of Southern secession. Sheprodded the South to agree some accommodation for the North to reduce the chances of arenewed conflict. 71President Barack Obama in his September 24 New York meeting of UN SecurityCouncil underlined his concern for Sudan's future when he said: “What happens in Sudan inthe days ahead may decide whether a people who have endured too much war move towardspeace or slip backwards into bloodshed. And what happens in Sudan matters to all of sub-Saharan Africa, and it matters to the world…”. 72What's more, the Egyptian foreign minister made a proposal in November 2010 to twoof the CPA partners (the SPLM and the NCP) to consider confederation in the event ofSouthern secession. 73The then UK Secretary for International Development, Mr. Andrew Mitchel, stressed inhis visit to Sudan in November 2010 that he discussed with the government officials theimportance of holding referendum on time and setting up “cooperative institutions afterSouthern secession”. 7470 Vertin, Zak: “Look Beyond January for Sudan”, International Crisis Group, 29 October 2010. Vertin seesNCP to be striving to win concessions and that it would be short-sightedness if South fails to agree a solidframework for a peaceful post-referendum era. Asworth, op. cit, p. 19. Asworth concluded his comments onconfederation as one of viable post-referendum options by saying: “At the moment southerners do not want tohear talk of anything but secession. However the possibility that an independent South Sudan may one day in thefuture want to form a confederation on equal terms should not be ruled out”. See also Mc Hugh, op. cit, p. 9.71 Clinton, Hillary: “South Sudan referendum is ‘time bomb’”, BBC News Africa, 9 September 2010, athttp://www.bbc.co.uk.72 Kaufman, Stephen: “Obama Urges Sudanese Leaders to Embrace a Peaceful Future”, AllAfrica , 24 September2010, at http://www.AllAfric.com.73 “Egypt Proposes Confederation between North and South Sudan”, Almasryalyoum, 3 November 2010, athttp://Almasryalyoum.com.74“UK To Assist in Demarcation of North-South Borders”, Sudan Tribune, 9 November 2010, athttp://www.sudantribune.com.169
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ISSN 1696-2206 Nº 33 Octubre /Octo
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Juan Emilio CheyreDirector, Center
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