Real freedom for all turtles in Sugarscape? - Presses universitaires ...

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J e o n & a l . – A m o b i l e w a t e r p r o j e c t 247(Jensen 2007, Aker & Mbiti 2010). Such reduction is, in turn, typically goodfor creating more efficient markets (Baye, Morgen & Scholten 2007). Morecontextually, it builds on local enthusiasm about mobile phones, which isdriven in part by the remarkable growth of mobile banking in Kenya. M-Pesa, Safaricom’s mobile money-transfer system, has fueled anextraordinary expansion in access to financial services since its creation in2007, with adult access growing from 5% prior to M-Pesa to 70% this year(Jack & Suri 2011). In 2010, 15 million Kenyans used the system and pushed20 per cent of national GDP through it.If M-Maji works, water vendors will use their mobile phones to advertisewater availability, with information about location, price, and quality; waterbuyers will use their phones to query the M-Maji database to find the closest,cheapest, cleanest water. M-Maji will thus reduce information asymmetriesthat now impose large burdens on purchasers, enhance water marketefficiency, and improve consumer welfare.M-Maji was designed by an interdisciplinary team of Stanford Universitygraduate students (Anuraag Chigurupati, Katherine Hoffmann & SangickJeon) in Designing Liberation Technologies, a course taught in Stanford’s HassoPlattner Institute of Design (d.school) by Joshua Cohen and Terry Winograd.The guiding philosophy of the d.school is “human-centered design”—anapproach to problem-solving that is applied to designing products,processes, and experiences, and is anchored in ethnographic engagementwith users, pursued in interdisciplinary teams, and focused on innovativesolutions. 1 The Cohen-Winograd course, which is coordinated with theUniversity of Nairobi’s School of Computing and Informatics, grows out ofcurrent enthusiasm for mobile solutions to economic and social problems indeveloping countries. Some of that enthusiasm seems well-founded (Aker &Mbiti, 2010). But mobile (and other informational technology) solutions areoften poorly designed because they reflect very little understanding of thelives of users (Toyama 2010). The idea of “designing liberation technologies”is to deploy human-centered design to develop projects with greater chancesof success because they emerge from a real and sustained engagement withend users.System DesignM-Maji will work in three steps (see Figure 1 for a system overview):1 For an introduction, see http://dschool.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/BootcampBootleg2010v2SLIM.pdf
248A r g u i n g a b o u t j u s t i c eFig. 1: System overviewStep 1: Each day, water vendors notify M-Maji via USSD 2 that they havewater to sell, where they are selling it, and the price they are selling it for.They also have the option to advertise the last date of water purification andthe results of any recent quality testing. These advertisements are collectedand stored in the M-Maji database in real-time.Step 2: Water buyers initiate a USSD session with M-Maji, and obtain alocation-relevant listing of local water vendors who have sent notificationsof price, location, and quality, as well as their vendor rating (see Step 3 forvendor ratings). Within the same USSD session, users are given the option ofre-sorting the listings by price, quality, vendor ratings, or anothergeographic location.Step 3: If a vendor misreports availability, price, or quality, buyers can filea complaint with M-Maji via USSD. The M-Maji team will then review,investigate, and evaluate these complaints, and assign vendor ratings toalert future buyers of negative histories (the details of this part of the systemare still in development).2 USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data) is a technology available on basicGSM phones. In Kenya, USSD is often used for tasks such as purchasing minutes frommobile service providers and paying utility bills. Unlike SMS, USSD opens a channel fortwo-way communication.
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Real freedomfor all turtles in Suga
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