Real freedom for all turtles in Sugarscape? - Presses universitaires ...

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W r i g h t – I n d e f e n s e o f g e n d e r l e s s n e s s 407Fig. 1: Male and Female distributions of nurturance dispositions andbehaviors under strong gender norms and degendered normsThere are four basic ideas in this figure. First, in a world with stronggendered norms around nurturance there will be a bigger differencebetween men and women in the distributions of nurturance behaviors (graphB) than in the distributions of nurturance dispositions (graph A), and thedistributions will be more peaked around the modal behavior. A significantnumber of people conform to a given norm not because of its
408A r g u i n g a b o u t j u s t i c ecorrespondence to their dispositions, but simply to avoid the sanctions ofdeviation.Second, even in a world with strong gendered norms around nurturance,there are men who are more nurturant than the average woman, and womenwho are less nurturant than the average man. This is especially true for thedistribution of dispositions, but it will also be true for behaviors.Third, in a world with degendered norms, the distributions of bothnurturance dispositions and behaviors for men and for women (graphs Cand D) much more strongly overlap than in the world with stronglygendered norms (Graphs A and B). I have drawn these distributions as stillhaving slightly different peaks on the assumption that there is likely to be atleast some difference in nurturance dispositions linked to underlyingbiological mechanisms, but this gap could be quite small.Finally, if we assume that in a degendered social world there will be strongpositive norms about the general desirability of nurturance for everyone,then it would be expected that the distribution of nurturance behaviors willmove to the right for both men and women (i.e. on average people mighthave less nurturant dispositions than behaviors). This, of course, is not alogical necessity: a degendered world could be one in which currentmasculine models were generalized to all people. My expectation, however,is that the social processes which push for egalitarian ideals are likely also toembrace caregiving values.These graphs are not based on actual data and thus they should beregarded as hypotheses. They have also been drawn in what may be anexaggerated way in order to highlight the central ideas. The key point is thatin a world with degendered nurturance norms – a world in which there wasno normative expectation at all that women should engage in nurturancebehavior more readily than men – the degree of overlap of male and femaledistributions for both dispositions and behaviors should be much greaterthan in a world with strong gender norms.Back to the problem of equality and genderWe are now ready to address the question of whether the goal ofegalitarians with respect to the problem of gender should be framed asgender equality or genderlessness. The aspiration for “gender equality”imagines a world in which gender norms remain effectively enforced – aworld in which there are normatively backed expectations about the rolesand characteristics of men and women – and yet in which it is also the casethat the probability of having access to the necessary social and material
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Taxation, fees and social justiceFr
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Real freedomfor all turtles in Suga
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A universal duty to careIngrid Robe
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The ideological roots of inequality
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On genetic inequalityHillel Steiner
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