Real freedom for all turtles in Sugarscape? - Presses universitaires ...

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Towards an unconditionalbasic income in Brazil?Eduardo Matarazzo SuplicyAbstract (in Portuguese)Nesse capítulo, eu reflito sobre a história da renda básica no Brasil, tendo em contaminha própria experiência política. Primeiro, mostro como a garantia de uma rendamínima inspirou propostas concretas em meu país. Depois analiso como o principalprograma social no Brasil, o Bolsa Família, tem sido considerado um exemplo a serseguido por outros países em desenvolvimento. Terceiro, explico porque consideroque a Renda Básica de Cidadania (RBC) é superior, em muitos aspectos, às formascondicionadas. Finalmente, tento mostrar como poderemos avançar em direção auma verdadeira RBC no Brasil.IntroductionIn the past two decades, I have been actively involved in the debate aboutuniversal and unconditional basic income. Since my first election as Senatorin Brazil, in 1990, I have been pushing for such a basic income in politicalcircles, with some significant and, perhaps, surprising success. In whatfollows, I reflect upon this experience, in four steps. First, I detail how basicincome came to inspire concrete policies in my home country. Second, Ifocus on the main social assistance program in Brazil today, the Bolsa Família,which is widely regarded as one of the examples to be followed by otherdeveloping countries. Third, I explain why I think that a Citizen’s BasicIncome (CBI) remains superior, in many ways, to such a conditional scheme.Finally, in the fourth section, I try to show how we can move towards a trueCBI in Brazil. I dedicate this essay to the 60th birthday of Philippe VanParijs, who has taught us so much and has been a source of inspiration aboutthe origins and the qualities of basic income. 11 Thanks to James H Potts and Daniel G Parrilha for their suggestions on the final draft ofthis paper.337
338A r g u i n g a b o u t j u s t i c eHow basic income inspired Brazil’s social policyIn 1966-68, and again in 1970-73, as I was studying for my Master’s and myPhD in Economics at Michigan State University, in the USA, I came acrossthe concept of income guarantee through a negative income tax (NIT). Backin Brazil, I interacted with Professor Antônio Maria da Silveira, who hadproposed the institution of such a NIT in our country (Silveira 1975). When Iwas elected Senator by PT-SP for the first time in 1990, we then workedtogether on a proposal called the Guaranteed Minimum Income Scheme,PGRM. Every adult person 25 years or older who did not earn at least 45thousand Cruzeiros per month (at that time, about US$150) should have theright to a complement of 30% to 50% of the difference between that level andhis/her disposable income. The project was approved by the Federal Senate,by consensus of all parties, on December 16 th , 1991. It went to the Chamberof Deputies where, at the Committee of Finance and Taxation, it received anenthusiastic written opinion from Representative Germano Rigotto (PMDB-RS). The proposal, however, was not voted in that form because of severaldevelopments that followed.The debate on the subject then started to flourish in Brazil. In 1991, duringa discussion with approximately 50 economists who were close to theWorker’s Party (PT), Antônio Maria da Silveira and I presented the PGRMproposal. Professor José Márcio Camargo observed that the guarantee of aminimum income was a good step, but that it should be granted to needyfamilies only, with children attending school on a regular basis. Thesechildren would then not be induced to work in order to help the survival oftheir families.In 1995, taking these thoughts into consideration, Mayor José RobertoMagalhães Teixeira (PSDB), in the municipality of Campinas, and GovernorCristóvam Buarque (PT), in the Federal District, started minimum incomeschemes linked to educational opportunities. Both programs were called theBolsa-Escola. All families with income per capita below half the minimumwage, 50 reais – the minimum wage at the time was 100 reais – would havethe right to receive a) in Campinas: whatever would be necessary tocomplete 50 reais per capita for the family; b) in the Federal District: a fullminimum wage of 100 reais, no matter the size of the family, or how manypeople in the family were working or not. Those experiments inspiredseveral other municipalities. In the National Congress, bills were presenteddefining the support level that the Federal Government would provide tomunicipalities introducing minimum income programs related toeducational opportunities.
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The guaranteed income as an equalop
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Reflections on the limits of argume
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Taxation, fees and social justiceFr
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B l a i s - T a x a t i o n , f e e
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Real freedomfor all turtles in Suga
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Legitimate partiality, parents and
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Distributing freedom over whole liv
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Why do we blame survivors?Jean-Mich
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A universal duty to careIngrid Robe
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Why we demand anunconditional basic
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Linguistic protectionismand wealth
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In defense of genderlessnessErik Ol
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