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180 Web Application Penetration Testing possible to exceed my limit if the systems are basing decisions on last night’s data. How to Test Generic Test Method • Review the project documentation and use exploratory testing looking for data entry points or hand off points between systems or software. • Once found try to insert logically invalid data into the applica tion/system. Specific Testing Method: • Perform front-end GUI Functional Valid testing on the application to ensure that the only “valid” values are accepted. • Using an intercepting proxy observe the HTTP POST/GET look ing for places that variables such as cost and quality are passed. Specifically, look for “hand-offs” between application/systems that may be possible injection of tamper points. • Once variables are found start interrogating the field with log ically “invalid” data, such as social security numbers or unique identifiers that do not exist or that do not fit the business logic. This testing verifies that the server functions properly and does not accept logically invalid data them. Related Test Cases • All Input Validation test cases • Testing for Account Enumeration and Guessable User Account (OTG-IDENT-004) • Testing for Bypassing Session Management Schema (OTG-SESS-001) • Testing for Exposed Session Variables (OTG-SESS-004) Tools • OWASP Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP) - https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Zed_Attack_ Proxy_Project • ZAP is an easy to use integrated penetration testing tool for finding vulnerabilities in web applications. It is designed to be used by people with a wide range of security experience and as such is ideal for developers and functional testers who are new to penetration testing. ZAP provides automated scanners as well as a set of tools that allow you to find security vulnerabilities manually. References Beginning Microsoft Visual Studio LightSwitch Development - http://books.google.com/books?id=x76L_kaTgdEC&pg=PA280&lpg=PA280&dq=business+logic+example+valid+data+example&source=bl&ots=GOfQ-7f4Hu&sig=4jOejZVligZOrvjBFRAT4-jy8DI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mydYUt6qE- OX54APu7IDgCQ&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=business%20logic%20example%20valid%20data%20 example&f=false Remediation The application/system must ensure that only “logically valid” data is accepted at all input and hand off points of the application or system and data is not simply trusted once it has entered the system. Test Ability to forge requests (OTG-BUSLOGIC-002) Summary Forging requests is a method that attackers use to circumvent the front end GUI application to directly submit information for back end processing. The goal of the attacker is to send HTTP POST/GET requests through an intercepting proxy with data values that is not supported, guarded against or expected by the applications business logic. Some examples of forged requests include exploiting guessable or predictable parameters or expose “hidden” features and functionality such as enabling debugging or presenting special screens or windows that are very useful during development but may leak information or bypass the business logic. Vulnerabilities related to the ability to forge requests is unique to each application and different from business logic data validation in that it s focus is on breaking the business logic workflow. Applications should have logic checks in place to prevent the system from accepting forged requests that may allow attackers the opportunity to exploit the business logic, process, or flow of the application. Request forgery is nothing new; the attacker uses an intercepting proxy to send HTTP POST/GET requests to the application. Through request forgeries attackers may be able to circumvent the business logic or process by finding, predicting and manipulating parameters to make the application think a process or task has or has not taken place. Also, forged requests may allow subvention of programmatic or business logic flow by invoking “hidden” features or functionality such as debugging initially used by developers and testers sometimes referred to as an ”Easter egg”. “An Easter egg is an intentional inside joke, hidden message, or feature in a work such as a computer program, movie, book, or crossword. According to game designer Warren Robinett, the term was coined at Atari by personnel who were alerted to the presence of a secret message which had been hidden by Robinett in his already widely distributed game, Adventure. The name has been said to evoke the idea of a traditional Easter egg hunt.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Easter_egg_(media) Examples Example 1 Suppose an e-commerce theater site allows users to select their ticket, apply a onetime 10% Senior discount on the entire sale, view the subtotal and tender the sale. If an attacker is able to see through a proxy that the application has a hidden field (of 1 or 0) used by the business logic to determine if a discount has been taken or not. The attacker is then able to submit the 1 or “no discount has been taken” value multiple times to take advantage of the same discount multiple times.
181 Web Application Penetration Testing Example 2 Suppose an online video game pays out tokens for points scored for finding pirates treasure and pirates and for each level completed. These tokens can later be that can later be exchanged for prizes. Additionally each level’s points have a multiplier value equal to the level. If an attacker was able to see through a proxy that the application has a hidden field used during development and testing to quickly get to the highest levels of the game they could quickly get to the highest levels and accumulate unearned points quickly. Also, if an attacker was able to see through a proxy that the application has a hidden field used during development and testing to enabled a log that indicated where other online players, or hidden treasure were in relation to the attacker, they would then be able to quickly go to these locations and score points. How to Test Generic Testing Method • Review the project documentation and use exploratory testing looking for guessable, predictable or hidden functionality of fields. • Once found try to insert logically valid data into the application/ system allowing the user go through the application/system against the normal busineess logic workflow. Specific Testing Method 1 • Using an intercepting proxy observe the HTTP POST/GET looking for some indication that values are incrementing at a regular interval or are easily guessable. • If it is found that some value is guessable this value may be changed and one may gain unexpected visibility. Specific Testing Method 2 • Using an intercepting proxy observe the HTTP POST/GET looking for some indication of hidden features such as debug that can be switched on or activated. • If any are found try to guess and change these values to get a different application response or behavior. Related Test Cases Testing for Exposed Session Variables (OTG-SESS-004) Testing for Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF) (OTG-SESS-005) Testing for Account Enumeration and Guessable User Account (OTG-IDENT-004) Tools OWASP Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP) - https://www.owasp.org index.php/OWASP_Zed_Attack_Proxy_Project ZAP is an easy to use integrated penetration testing tool for finding vulnerabilities in web applications. It is designed to be used by people with a wide range of security experience and as such is ideal for developers and functional testers who are new to penetration testing. ZAP provides automated scanners as well as a set of tools that allow you to find security vulnerabilities manually. References Cross Site Request Forgery - Legitimizing Forged Requests http://fragilesecurity.blogspot.com/2012/11/cross-siterequest-forgery-legitimazing.html Debugging features which remain present in the final game http://glitchcity.info/wiki/index.php/List_of_video_games_ with_debugging_features#Debugging_features_which_ remain_present_in_the_final_game Easter egg - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_egg_(media) Top 10 Software Easter Eggs - http://lifehacker.com/371083/ top-10-software-easter-eggs Remediation The application must be smart enough and designed with business logic that will prevent attackers from predicting and manipulating parameters to subvert programmatic or business logic flow, or exploiting hidden/undocumented functionality such as debugging. Test integrity checks (OTG-BUSLOGIC-003) Summary Many applications are designed to display different fields depending on the user of situation by leaving some inputs hidden. However, in many cases it is possible to submit values hidden field values to the server using a proxy. In these cases the server side controls must be smart enough to perform relational or server side edits to ensure that the proper data is allowed to the server based on user and application specific business logic. Additionally, the application must not depend on non-editable controls, drop-down menus or hidden fields for business logic processing because these fields remain non-editable only in the context of the browsers. Users may be able to edit their values using proxy editor tools and try to manipulate business logic. If the application exposes values related to business rules like quantity, etc. as non-editable fields it must maintain a copy on the server side and use the same for business logic processing. Finally, aside application/system data, log systems must be secured to prevent read, writing and updating. Business logic integrity check vulnerabilities is unique in that these misuse cases are application specific and if users are able to make changes one should only be able to write or update/edit specific artifacts at specific times per the business process logic. The application must be smart enough to check for relational edits and not allow users to submit information directly to the server that is not valid, trusted because it came from a non-editable controls or the user is not authorized to submit through the front end. Additionally, system artifacts such as logs must be “protected” from unauthorized read, writing and removal. Example
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