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32 Web Application Penetration Testing Response from Netscape Enterprise 4.1 $ nc netscape.example.com 80 GET / JUNK/1.0 Bad request Bad request Your browser sent to query this server could not understand. of an online tool that often delivers a lot of information about target Web Servers, is Netcraft. With this tool we can retrieve information about operating system, web server used, Server Uptime, Netblock Owner, history of change related to Web server and O.S. An example is shown below: Response from a SunONE 6.1 $ nc sunone.example.com 80 GET / JUNK/1.0 Bad request Bad request Your browser sent a query this server could not understand. Tools • httprint - http: /net-square.com/httprint.html • httprecon - http: /www.computec.ch/projekte/httprecon/ • Netcraft - http: /www.netcraft.com • Desenmascarame - http: /desenmascara.me Automated Testing Rather than rely on manual banner grabbing and analysis of the web server headers, a tester can use automated tools to achieve the same results. There are many tests to carry out in order to accurately fingerprint a web server. Luckily, there are tools that automate these tests. “httprint” is one of such tools. httprint uses a signature dictionary that allows it to recognize the type and the version of the web server in use. An example of running httprint is shown below: OWASP Unmaskme Project is expected to become another online tool to do fingerprinting of any website with an overall interpretation of all the Web-metadata extracted. The idea behind this project is that anyone in charge of a website could test the metadata the site is showing to the world and assess it from a security point of view. While this project is still being developed, you can test a Spanish Proof of Concept of this idea. References Whitepapers • Saumil Shah: “An Introduction to HTTP fingerprinting” - http: / www.net-square.com/httprint_paper.html • Anant Shrivastava: “Web Application Finger Printing” - http: / anantshri.info/articles/web_app_finger_printing.html Remediation Protect the presentation layer web server behind a hardened reverse proxy. Obfuscate the presentation layer web server headers. • Apache • IIS Review Webserver Metafiles for Information Leakage (OTG-INFO-003) Summary This section describes how to test the robots.txt file for information leakage of the web application’s directory or folder path(s). Furthermore, the list of directories that are to be avoided by Spiders, Robots, or Crawlers can also be created as a dependency for Map execution paths through application (OTG-INFO-007) Online Testing Online tools can be used if the tester wishes to test more stealthily and doesn’t wish to directly connect to the target website. An example Test Objectives 1. Information leakage of the web application’s directory or folder path(s).
33 Web Application Penetration Testing 2. Create the list of directories that are to be avoided by Spiders, Robots, or Crawlers. How to Test robots.txt Web Spiders, Robots, or Crawlers retrieve a web page and then recursively traverse hyperlinks to retrieve further web content. Their accepted behavior is specified by the Robots Exclusion Protocol of the robots.txt file in the web root directory [1]. As an example, the beginning of the robots.txt file from http:/www. google.com/robots.txt sampled on 11 August 2013 is quoted below: User-agent: * Disallow: /search Disallow: /sdch Disallow: /groups Disallow: /images Disallow: /catalogs ... cmlh$ wget http:/www.google.com/robots.txt --2013-08-11 14:40:36-- http:/www.google.com/robots.txt Resolving www.google.com... 74.125.237.17, 74.125.237.18, 74.125.237.19, ... Connecting to www.google.com|74.125.237.17|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: unspecified [text/plain] Saving to: ‘robots.txt.1’ [ ] 7,074 --.-K/s in 0s 2013-08-11 14:40:37 (59.7 MB/s) - ‘robots.txt’ saved [7074] cmlh$ head -n5 robots.txt User-agent: * Disallow: /search Disallow: /sdch Disallow: /groups Disallow: /images cmlh$ The User-Agent directive refers to the specific web spider/robot/ crawler. For example the User-Agent: Googlebot refers to the spider from Google while “User-Agent: bingbot”[1] refers to crawler from Microsoft/Yahoo!. User-Agent: * in the example above applies to all web spiders/robots/crawlers [2] as quoted below: User-agent: * The Disallow directive specifies which resources are prohibited by spiders/robots/crawlers. In the example above, directories such as the following are prohibited: ... Disallow: /search Disallow: /sdch Disallow: /groups Disallow: /images Disallow: /catalogs ... Web spiders/robots/crawlers can intentionally ignore the Disallow directives specified in a robots.txt file [3], such as those from Social Networks[2] to ensure that shared linked are still valid. Hence, robots.txt should not be considered as a mechanism to enforce restrictions on how web content is accessed, stored, or republished by third parties. robots.txt in webroot - with “wget” or “curl” The robots.txt file is retrieved from the web root directory of the web server. For example, to retrieve the robots.txt from www.google.com using “wget” or “curl”: cmlh$ curl -O http:/www.google.com/robots.txt % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 101 7074 0 7074 0 0 9410 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 27312 cmlh$ head -n5 robots.txt User-agent: * Disallow: /search Disallow: /sdch Disallow: /groups Disallow: /images cmlh$ robots.txt in webroot - with rockspider “rockspider”[3] automates the creation of the initial scope for Spiders/ Robots/Crawlers of files and directories/folders of a web site. For example, to create the initial scope based on the Allowed: directive from www.google.com using “rockspider”[4]: cmlh$ ./rockspider.pl -www www.google.com “Rockspider” Alpha v0.1_2 Copyright 2013 Christian Heinrich Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 1. Downloading http:/www.google.com/robots.txt
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