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208 Web Application Penetration Testing window.addEventListener(“message”, callback, true); function callback(e) { if(e.origin.indexOf(“.owasp.org”)!=-1) { /* process message (e.data) */ } } The intention is to allow subdomains in this form: www.owasp.org chat.owasp.org forums.owasp.org ... Insecure code. An attacker can easily bypass the filter as www. owasp.org.attacker.com will match. Example of lack of origin check, very insecure as will accept input from any domain: window.addEventListener(“message”, callback, true); function callback(e) { /* process message (e.data) */ } Input validation example: Lack of security controls lead to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) window.addEventListener(“message”, callback, true); function callback(e) { if(e.origin === “trusted.domain.com”) { element.innerHTML= e.data; } } This code will lead to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities as data is not being treated properly, a more secure approach would be to use the property textContent instead of innetHTML. Tools • OWASP Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP) - https://www.owasp.org/index php/OWASP_Zed_Attack_Proxy_Project ZAP is an easy to use integrated penetration testing tool for finding vulnerabilities in web applications. It is designed to be used by people with a wide range of security experience and as such is ideal for developers and functional testers who are new to penetration testing. ZAP provides automated scanners as well as a set of tools that allow you to find security vulnerabilities manually. References OWASP Resources • OWASP HTML5 Security Cheat Sheet: https://www.owasp.org index.php/HTML5_Security_Cheat_Sheet Whitepapers • Web Messaging Specification: http://www.whatwg.org/specs web-apps/current-work/multipage/web-messaging.html Test Local Storage (OTG-CLIENT-012) Summary Local Storage also known as Web Storage or Offline Storage is a mechanism to store data as key/value pairs tied to a domain and enforced by the same origin policy (SOP). There are two objects, localStorage that is persistent and is intended to survive browser/ system reboots and sessionStorage that is temporary and will only exists until the window or tab is closed. On average browsers allow to store in this storage around 5MB per domain, that compared to the 4KB of cookies is a big difference, but the key difference from the security perspective is that the data stored in these two objects is kept in the client and never sent to the server, this also improves network performance as data do not need to travel over the wire back and forth. localStorage Access to the storage is normally done using the setItem and getItem functions. The storage can be read from javascript which means with a single XSS an attacker would be able to extract all the data from the storage. Also malicious data can be loaded into the storage via JavaScript so the application needs to have the controls in place to treat untrusted data. Check if there are more than one application in the same domain like example.foo/app1 and example.foo/app2 because those will share the same storage. Data stored in this object will persist after the window is closed, it is a bad idea to store sensitive data or session identifiers on this object as these can be accesed via JavaScript. Session IDs stored in cookies can mitigate this risk using the httpOnly flag. sessionStorage Main difference with localStorage is that the data stored in this object is only accessible until the tab/window is closed which is a perfect candidate for data that doesn’t need to persist between sessions. It shares most of the properties and the getItem/setItem methods, so manual testing needs to be undertaken to look for these methods and identify in which parts of the code the storage is accessed. How to Test Black Box testing Black box testing for issues within the Local Storage code is not usually performed since access to the source code is always available as it needs to be sent to the client to be executed. Gray Box testing First of all, we need to check whether the Local Storage is used. Example 1: Access to localStorage: Access to every element in localStorage with JavaScript: for(var i=0; i
209 same code can be applied to sessionStorage Using Google Chrome, click on menu -> Tools -> Developer Tools. Then under Resources you will see ‘Local Storage’ and ‘Web Storage’. http: /server/StoragePOC.html# Using Firefox with the Firebug add on you can easily inspect the localStorage/sessionStorage object in the DOM tab. Also, we can inspect these objects from the developer tools of our browser. Next manual testing needs to be conducted in order to determine whether the website is storing sensitive data in the storage that represents a risk and will increase dramatically the impact of a information leak. Also check the code handling the Storage to determine if it is vulnerable to injection attacks, common issue when the code does not escape the input or output. The JavaScript code has to be analyzed to evaluate these issues, so make sure you crawl the application to discover every instance of JavaScript code and note sometimes applications use third-party libraries that would need to be examined too. Tools • Firebug - http://getfirebug.com/ • Google Chrome Developer Tools - https://developers.google.com chrome-developer-tools/ • OWASP Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP) - https://www.owasp.org/index php/OWASP_Zed_Attack_Proxy_Project ZAP is an easy to use integrated penetration testing tool for finding vulnerabilities in web applications. It is designed to be used by people with a wide range of security experience and as such is ideal for developers and functional testers who are new to penetration testing. ZAP provides automated scanners as well as a set of tools that allow you to find security vulnerabilities manually. References OWASP Resources • OWASP HTML5 Security Cheat Sheet: https://www.owasp.org index.php/HTML5_Security_Cheat_Sheet Whitepapers • Web Storage Specification: http://www.w3.org/TR/webstorage/ Here is an example of how improper use of user input and lack of validation can lead to XSS attacks. Example 2: XSS in localStorage: Insecure assignment from localStorage can lead to XSS function action(){ var resource = location.hash.substring(1); localStorage.setItem(“item”,resource); item = localStorage.getItem(“item”); document.getElementById(“div1”).innerHTML=item; } URL PoC:
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