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tagenet, Duke of York, who was slain at the battle of Wakefield
in 1460, was brought to York, covered with a paper crown,
and stuck on a pole over Micklegate Bar with the face towards
the city, that " York might overlook the town of
York, " in company with that of the Earl of Salisbury, and
many others of the Yorkist party. Whilst the dreadful battle
of Towton Field was being fought, on the 29th March, 1461,
Henry VI. and his Queen were staying in the northern capital,
who, on hearing the disastrous news, instantly fled to Scotland.
Eichard's son and heir, Edward Duke of York^ immediately
marched upon the city; took down the Yorkist heads and
replaced them with those of the Lancastrian Earls of Devon
and Wiltshire. In 1464, Edward lY. was crowned with
regal magnificence on the 4th May, in the Cathedral. In
1483, Eichard III., of opprobious memory, marched to York
with a numerous retinue on hearing of the death of the King,
in order to establish his power more firmly in the north, and
had a solemn requiem sung in the Minster for the soul of
his dead brother. Under the Tudors, the city passed through
many vicissitudes of fortune, especially during the attempted
rebellion of Lambert Simnel and his co-conspirators. In
1503, Margaret, daughter of Henry VII., passed through
York in royal state on her northward journey to become the
bride of James IV. of Scotland. About 1505-6, during the
reign of Henry VIL, the first printing-press was erected here
by Hugo Goez. In 1513, the body of James IV. of Scotland
was brought to York after the battle of Flodden Field, where
he and the flower of his nobility fell. In 1536, Henry VIIL
inflicted a most severe blow on the wealth and property of the
religious orders in this country by the suppression of the
abbeys and monasteries, which was the cause of the rising of
the people in rebellion known as the Pilgrimage of Grace,"
led by one Eobert Aske, of Aughton, a few miles from York,
who marched upon York and Hull with forty thousand men,
and took both places. This insurrection was speedily suppressed,
but was shortly succeeded by a second. Henry
visited York in 1541, remaining twelve days ;
he at this
time established the famous council of the north, the first
president of which was Thomas, Duke of Norfolk. The ofiice
of this court was to hear and determine all causes on the north
side of the Trent. It continued in force till the reign of