DELIVERING THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY A TOOLKIT FOR POLICYMAKERS

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48 • DELIVERING THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY – A TOOLKIT FOR POLICYMAKERS Figure 9: Potential contribution of the circular economy to ‘common’ policymaker ambitions Direct effect Indirect effect EU STRATEGIC POLICY OBJECTIVES FOR 2020 POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY EMPLOYMENT • Could create growth 1 and employment 2 • 75% of the 20–64 year olds to be employed • Potential increase in labour-intensive activities such as remanufacturing and regenerative agriculture RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT • 3% of the EU’s GDP to be invested in R&D • Could uncover innovative business opportunities that need new technologies • Likely higher demand for breakthroughs in for instance the materials sciences and bio-sciences CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENERGY • GHG emissions 20–30% below 1990 • Shift to renewable energy • 20% of energy from renewables • 20% increase in energy efficiency • Reduced industrial GHG emissions due to lower levels of virgin material extraction, reduced energy intensity (e.g. remanufacturing, increased asset utilisation) EDUCATION • No demonstrated direct effect on this specific target • Reduce rate of early school leaving below 10% • At least 40% of 30–34 year olds completing thirdlevel education • Systems thinking could make education more appealing and can prepare students for labour markets that prize creativity FIGHTING POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION • No demonstrated direct effect on this specific target • At least 20m fewer people in or at risk of poverty and social exclusion • Potential to increase household disposable income 1 • Potential for more local community-based enterprises and increased levels of sharing 1 The Growth Within report finds that in the EU a circular economy scenario in 2030 leads to a reduction in GHG emissions of 25% compared to the baseline, while increasing GDP by 6.7% and household disposable income by 10%. Ellen MacArthur Foundation, SUN and McKinsey Center for Business and Environment, Growth Within: A Circular Economy Vision for a Competitive Europe (2015). 2 The Study on modelling of the economic and environmental impacts of raw material consumption by Cambridge Econometrics / Biointelligence Service / EC (2014) finds that in the EU resource productivity could generate 2 million jobs by 2030.
DELIVERING THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY – A TOOLKIT FOR POLICYMAKERS • 49 1. Quantitative circularity targets. The targets can be set using existing indicators (such as in Figure 6) or by developing new metrics. Targets could also be linked more directly to the three principles of the circular economy as laid out in Part 1. The report Growth Within 52 lays out initial ideas of what such metrics could look by providing one primary metric and a set of secondary metrics for each of the three principles (see Figure 9 and the Growth Within report for more details). 2. Quantitative ‘common’ national policy targets. Circular economy can contribute to many ‘common’ policy objectives, such as, for example, the targets related to the EU 2020 agenda (see Figure 10). 3. Qualitative circular ambitions. This could mean setting a qualitative goal of being the ‘best in Europe’ in waste prevention or recycling, or becoming a ‘world leader’ in remanufacturing. Figure 10: Measuring the circular economy – initial suggestions from ‘Growth Within’ PRIMARY METRIC SECONDARY METRICS Preserve and enhance natural capital by controlling finite stocks and balancing renewable resource flows Degradation-adjusted • Annual monetary benefit of ecosystem net value add (NVA) 1 services, e.g. from biodiversity and soils • Annual degradation • Overall remaining stock Optimise resource yields by circulating products, components and materials at the highest utility at all times in both technical and biological cycles GDP generated per • Product utilisation material input 2 • Product depreciation/lifetime unit of net virgin finite • Material value retention ratio (energy recovery, recycling and remain industry)/value of virgin materials (rolling net average last five years) Foster system effectiveness by revealing and designing out negative externalities Total cost of externalities and opportunity cost • Cost of land, air, water, and noise pollution • Toxic substances in food systems • Climate change, congestion, and health impacts 1 The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting, 2012. 2 Adapted based on the EU’s Resource Efficiency Scoreboard (Eurostat, 2014). The adaptation is to deduct recovered materials and only include finite materials. SOURCE: Ellen MacArthur Foundation, SUN and McKinsey Center for Business and Environment, Growth Within: A Circular Economy Vision for a Competitive Europe (2015). 52 Ellen MacArthur Foundation, Stiftungsfonds für Umweltökonomie und Nachhaltigkeit (SUN) and McKinsey Center for Business and Environment, Growth Within: A Circular Economy Vision for a Competitive Europe (2015).
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DELIVERING THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY A TOOLKIT FOR POLICYMAKERS

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