DELIVERING THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY A TOOLKIT FOR POLICYMAKERS

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92 • DELIVERING THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY – A TOOLKIT FOR POLICYMAKERS DENMARK TODAY Leading Danish companies, including large multinationals as well as SMEs, are pioneering circular economy solutions. Shipping company Maersk has introduced product passports for their container ships, actively working with the Korean shipyard DSME and approximately 75 suppliers of parts. The passport, which will be updated throughout the life of the ship, is a database listing the material composition of the main parts of the ship, and documents approximately 95% (by weight) of the materials used to build the ships. It will enable better recovery of parts and materials used in the construction and maintenance of the vessels. 107 Brewing company Carlsberg is using the Cradle-to-Cradle® (C2C) design framework 108 to develop C2C-certified packaging, and has set up the Carlsberg Circular Community, aiming to rethink the design and production of traditional packaging material and develop materials which can be recycled and reused indefinitely while keeping quality and value. 109 Baby clothing company Vigga offers a circular subscription model for baby clothes. The baby clothes, made from organic fabrics, are returned to Vigga once outgrown, where they are dry cleaned in an environmentally friendly way and made ready for another baby to optimise the use during the lifetime of the baby clothes. 110 These are just three out of many inspiring examples. Denmark has a long and rich tradition of innovating policies that stimulate the circular economy. It introduced the very first deposit-refund scheme for beverage containers in the 1980s. It has incrementally increased landfill taxes since they were introduced in 1987. 111 In 2011, it set the target to be fully independent from fossil fuels by 2050. More recently, Denmark has laid out a comprehensive waste management strategy in ‘Denmark Without Waste I/II’, focused on moving from incineration to recycling and waste prevention, respectively. It has established the Task Force for Resource Efficiency, the National Bioeconomy Panel, the Green Industrial Symbiosis programme, and the Rethink Resources innovation centre. Denmark participates in international initiatives such as the Ellen MacArthur Foundation’s CE100 programme. Selected KPIs reveal that Denmark has indeed an advanced starting position compared to other European countries: • Waste generated per unit GDP: 40 tonnes/EUR million vs. 69 for EU28. • Waste diverted from landfill: 93% vs. 59% for EU28. • Recycling rate 112 : 60% vs. 53% for EU28. • GHG emission per unit of GDP: 225 tonnes CO 2 e per EUR million vs. 343 for EU28. • Share of renewable energy: 26% of gross final energy consumption vs. 14% for EU28. Denmark is internationally recognised as a front runner in the circular economy. A case in point is the Danish Business Authority winning the 2015 ‘Ecolab Award for Circular Economy Cities/Regions’ at the World Economic Forum in Davos. 113 Yet even Denmark has significant opportunities to further transition towards the circular economy. Across the economy, significant material value is left on the table as most 107 Maersk. www.maersk.com/en/hardware/triple-e/the-hard-facts/cradle-to-cradle 108 Created by William McDonough and Professor Michael Braungart. www.c2ccertified.org 109 Carlsberg. www.carlsberggroup.com/csr/ReportingonProgress/SustainablePackaging/Pages/default.aspx 110 www.vigga.us 111 Danish Environmental Protection Agency, From land filling to recovery – Danish waste management from the 1970s until today (2013). 112 Excluding major mineral waste. Scope: recycling of domestically generated waste (including exported waste, excluding imported waste). 113 https://thecirculars.org
DELIVERING THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY – A TOOLKIT FOR POLICYMAKERS • 93 waste streams and by-products are used for relatively low-value applications. Of the 93% waste diverted from landfill, only two thirds is recycled – the rest is incinerated. 114 In the construction sector, 87% of materials is recycled, but mainly for low-quality applications, 115 and there is only an estimated 95% of its most important material (steel) is recycled, yet there is an estimated
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DELIVERING THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY A TOOLKIT FOR POLICYMAKERS

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