[Edited_by_A._Ciancio,_C.N.R.,_Bari,_Italy_and_K.(Bookos.org)

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F. KARAMAOUNA ET AL.
cypermethrin (lemon, grapefruit, mandarin, orange), flucythrinate (lemon,
grapefruit, mandarin, orange) and phosmet (lemon, grapefruit, mandarin, orange)
(Authorized Plant Protection Products Data Base of the Hellenic Ministry of Rural
Development and Food, 2008).
2.1.7. Recommended IPM Strategies
In small size citrus groves, integration of cultural and chemical control of medfly is
recommended whereas the biological, chemical and SIT methods may be
integrated at citrus-growing areas in large scale. Collection and destroying of
infested fruits fallen to the ground, fruits remaining on trees after harvest as well as
fruits without commercial value (such as bitter oranges) are cultural practices of
significant value in order to prevent medfly built-up population. Early population
detection is crucial for a successful control thus monitoring with IPMT traps baited
with AA and TMA supported by systematic fruit inspection especially of the most
preferred host (bitter oranges) are required. Bait sprayings should be preferred to
cover sprayings. The timing of bait spray application should be based on medfly
monitoring and on treatment application threshold. As the available treatment
application threshold is practically empirical there is still a demanding need for its
accurate determination.
2.2. Scale Insects
Scale insects have always been on the top of the list of the economically important
insect pests in citrus in Greece. Half of the most common insect pests in the Greek
citrus orchards belong to the superfamily Coccoidea with the California red scale
Aonidiella aurantii and the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri being the most
frequently found ones among all. In addition, a number of less important species
are known to cause local outbreaks. In the past, the Mediterranean black scale
Saissetia oleae was considered to be a major pest but after the introduction and
successful establishment of several exotic parasitoids, its population is kept below
the economic injury level. At present, the Chinese wax scale Ceroplastes
floridensis and the cottony-cushion scale Icerya purchasi can cause local outbreaks
in specific regions in Peloponnese (Stathas, personal communication) whereas high
populations of Ceroplastes rusci, Lepidosaphes beckii and Saissetia oleae are
occasionally recorded too (Hellenic Ministry of Rural Development and Food,
2007, unpublished data).
Although considerable effort has been imposed to develop sustainable control
methods of scale insects based on the use of biological control agents and the
minimization of the use of chemical pesticides, spraying with insecticides is still
used for the control of scale insects in citrus. Currently the most common practice
in control of main scales of citrus is spray applications following the forecasts and
instructions issued by the Regional Plant Protection Services, which are based on
population monitoring with traps and/or visual observations.