[Edited_by_A._Ciancio,_C.N.R.,_Bari,_Italy_and_K.(Bookos.org)

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P.F. ROVERSI ET AL.
operational forestry and urban programs (Gindin, Navon, Protasov, Saphis, &
Mendel, 2007).
Figure 3. Petri dish with Btk colonies developing from already died 2nd instar larvae
collected in the field after an aerial treatment.
In experimental assays carried out in spring 2004 on Turkey oak woods in
Tuscany (Central Italy), coinciding with the early phase of a new T. processionea
outbreak, a wide aerial Btk treatment was carried out, followed by a 1-month
evaluation of its effect on non-target lepidopterans. The control area was checked
daily with traps placed underneath the crowns (Roversi, Rumine, & Barzanti, 2006).
These trials showed a low effect of the treatment against OPM, with a small number
of dead larvae of other species (Roversi et al., 2006).
Figure 4. Numbers of Btk colonies developed from 1 ml water washings of Turkey Oak leaves
collected from the upper part of the tree crowns, after treatment with 31.75 Btk BIU/ha, at
Berignone Forest (Tuscany, Central Italy). Leaves were collected in a period of about months
(Bars show standard deviation) (Roversi et al., unpublished).