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138 J.D. DUTCHER ET AL. replacement and resurgence problems associated with repeated treatment with insecticides and miticides (Dutcher, Fonsah, & Hudson, 2006). Table 1. Control methods for the eight major pecan arthropod pests in North American. Pest Control method for pest a Relative efficacy b Pecan weevil Curculio caryae (Horn) Pecan nut casebearer Acrobasis nuxvorella (Neunzig) Hickory shuckworm Cydia caryana Fitch Black pecan aphid Melanocallis caryaefoliae Davis Yellow pecan aphid Monelliopsis pecanis Bissell Blackmargined aphid Monellia caryella Fitch Pecan leaf scorch mite Eotetranychus hicoriae (McGregor) Kernel-feeding Hemipterans – Pentatomidae and Coriedae Broad spectrum insecticides Quarantine Risk rating and spot treatment Trunk treatment Entomopathogens, nematodes Red imported fire ant as predator Broad spectrum insecticides Biorational insecticides Mating disruption Broad spectrum insecticides Biorational insecticides Sanitation Organophosphate insecticides Neonicitinoid insecticides Insecticidal soap Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) Interplanting crape myrtles Systemic insecticides Neonicitinoid insecticides Insecticidal soap Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) Introduced parasites Systemic insecticides Neonicitinoid insecticides Insecticidal soap Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) Introduced parasites Miticides Sulphur Predatory mite release Dormant oil sprays Broad spectrum insecticides Trap crops Removing alternate host plants High High Moderate Moderate Low Low High High Low High High Moderate High Moderate High Moderate Low High High High Low Low High High High Low Low High High Moderate Low Moderate Low Low a b Control methods listed in the table have shown benefits greater than the costs. Efficacy ratings: total = 100%; high = 91–100%; moderate = 80–90%; low < 80%. Insecticides offer the single most effective control method for nut-feeding insects. Carbaryl, phosmet, esfenvalerate and cypermethrin are used during the late season for control of pecan weevil, hickory shuckworm and kernel-feeding
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Integrated Management of Arthropod
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Integrated Management of Arthropod
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PREFACE This is the last volume of
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viii CONTENTS 2.3.3. Chemical Contr
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x CONTENTS 3.4. Wildlife Benefits .
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xii CONTENTS 10 Control of Urticati
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CONTRIBUTORS Mohamed S. T. Abbas Pl
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OBITUARY NOTICE Prof. K. G. Mukerji
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Section 1 IPM IN CITRUS GROVES
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4 J.A. JACAS ET AL. decumana L.], b
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6 J.A. JACAS ET AL. tree volume. A
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8 J.A. JACAS ET AL. Table 2 continu
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10 J.A. JACAS ET AL. Table 2 contin
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14 J.A. JACAS ET AL. Table 4. Insec
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16 J.A. JACAS ET AL.
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2 MAIN ARTHROPOD PESTS OF CITRUS CU
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IPM OF CITRUS PESTS IN GREECE 31 Ta
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IPM OF CITRUS PESTS IN GREECE 33 ex
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IPM OF CITRUS PESTS IN GREECE 35 A
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IPM OF CITRUS PESTS IN GREECE 37 2.
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IPM OF CITRUS PESTS IN GREECE 39 re
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IPM OF CITRUS PESTS IN GREECE 41 mi
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IPM OF CITRUS PESTS IN GREECE 43 in
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IPM OF CITRUS PESTS IN GREECE 45 To
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IPM OF CITRUS PESTS IN GREECE 47 ca
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IPM OF CITRUS PESTS IN GREECE 49 In
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IPM OF CITRUS PESTS IN GREECE 51 oc
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IPM OF CITRUS PESTS IN GREECE 53 Re
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IPM OF CITRUS PESTS IN GREECE 55 Ka
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IPM OF CITRUS PESTS IN GREECE 57 Ne
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IPM OF CITRUS PESTS IN GREECE 59 (p
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62 J.A. JACAS & A. URBANEJA insuffi
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64 J.A. JACAS & A. URBANEJA 2. THE
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66 J.A. JACAS & A. URBANEJA Since t
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68 J.A. JACAS & A. URBANEJA because
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70 J.A. JACAS & A. URBANEJA showed
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72 J.A. JACAS & A. URBANEJA Lentere
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74 L. ZAPPALÀ etc.) that modified
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76 L. ZAPPALÀ Aonidiella aurantii
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78 L. ZAPPALÀ Although numerous na
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80 L. ZAPPALÀ depending on the mar
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82 L. ZAPPALÀ encyrtid A. citricol
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84 L. ZAPPALÀ In Italy C. phyllocn
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86 L. ZAPPALÀ Vivas, 1995; Argov,
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88 L. ZAPPALÀ the activity of the
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90 L. ZAPPALÀ yellowish-white, sle
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92 L. ZAPPALÀ Australia. Effective
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94 L. ZAPPALÀ (Hymenoptera: Apheli
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96 L. ZAPPALÀ Franco, J. C., Fortu
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98 L. ZAPPALÀ Mineo, G., & Mineo,
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100 L. ZAPPALÀ Zappalà, L., & Sis
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102 R. CAMPOS-HERRERA ET AL. chemic
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104 R. CAMPOS-HERRERA ET AL. 2. IPM
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106 R. CAMPOS-HERRERA ET AL. Hetero
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108 R. CAMPOS-HERRERA ET AL. indire
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110 R. CAMPOS-HERRERA ET AL. highes
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Page 264: 116 R. CAMPOS-HERRERA ET AL. endopa
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Page 280: 124 R. CAMPOS-HERRERA ET AL. Atkins
Page 284: 126 R. CAMPOS-HERRERA ET AL. Grewal
Page 288: 128 R. CAMPOS-HERRERA ET AL. McCoy,
Page 292: 130 R. CAMPOS-HERRERA ET AL. Wolcot
Page 296: 6 INTEGRATION OF INSECT AND MITE MA
Page 300: IPM IN PECAN PRODUCTION 135 Pecan n
Page 304: IPM IN PECAN PRODUCTION 137 Weed co
Page 310: 140 J.D. DUTCHER ET AL. (for weevil
Page 314: 142 J.D. DUTCHER ET AL. demonstrate
Page 318: 144 J.D. DUTCHER ET AL. crop. Densi
Page 322: 146 J.D. DUTCHER ET AL. without wee
Page 326: 148 J.D. DUTCHER ET AL. Clover and
Page 330: 150 J.D. DUTCHER ET AL. Soil organi
Page 334: 152 J.D. DUTCHER ET AL. Many southe
Page 338: 154 J.D. DUTCHER ET AL. Secondary p
Page 342: 156 J.D. DUTCHER ET AL. are attract
Page 346: 158 J.D. DUTCHER ET AL. Dutcher, J.
Page 350: 160 J.D. DUTCHER ET AL. Pena, J. G.
Page 354: 162 J.D. DUTCHER ET AL. Wood, B., T
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164 A.V. LATCHININSKY & R. SIVANPIL
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190 FARHA-REHMAN ET AL. and composi
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192 FARHA-REHMAN ET AL. they are by
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194 FARHA-REHMAN ET AL. plant defen
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196 FARHA-REHMAN ET AL. tobacco pla
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198 FARHA-REHMAN ET AL. Simonetti,
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200 FARHA-REHMAN ET AL. pathway for
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202 FARHA-REHMAN ET AL. Thaler, Far
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204 FARHA-REHMAN ET AL. whereas on
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206 FARHA-REHMAN ET AL. Dicke, M.,
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208 FARHA-REHMAN ET AL. Van Poecke,
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210 M.S.T. ABBAS The high rate of s
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212 M.S.T. ABBAS rhinoceros but it
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214 M.S.T. ABBAS 3.2.3. Locomotion
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216 M.S.T. ABBAS was found to be pa
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218 M.S.T. ABBAS sealed with moiste
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220 M.S.T. ABBAS (Anonymous, 2001).
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222 M.S.T. ABBAS marked weevils wer
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224 M.S.T. ABBAS from that of males
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226 M.S.T. ABBAS those 3 isolates,
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228 M.S.T. ABBAS and wire screen. T
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230 M.S.T. ABBAS while H. bacteriop
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232 M.S.T. ABBAS Georgis, R. (1990)
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10 CONTROL OF URTICATING LEPIDOPTER
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AERIAL BT TREATMENTS 237 The main s
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AERIAL BT TREATMENTS 239 skin injec
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AERIAL BT TREATMENTS 241 Africa, or
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AERIAL BT TREATMENTS 243 Further la
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AERIAL BT TREATMENTS 245 Martin, J.
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Section 3 MITES BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
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250 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST reproducti
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252 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST midgut of
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254 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST glands (On
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256 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST related to
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258 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST obligate i
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260 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST Eotetranyc
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262 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST number, st
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264 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST The presen
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266 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST Table 2 Co
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268 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST twospotted
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270 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST that the f
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272 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST the surviv
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274 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST Table 3. H
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278 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST death of t
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280 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST Several at
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282 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST Figure 9.
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284 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST of whitefl
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286 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST fusion of
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290 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST The phylum
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292 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST 75% after
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294 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST life span,
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296 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST identifica
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298 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST From the o
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300 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST measures a
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302 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST Chen, Y.,
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304 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST James, D.
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306 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST Oduor, G.
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308 L.P.S. VAN DER GEEST Speare, A.
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12 IPM STRATEGIES THROUGH SPECIALIS
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PREDATORY MITES IN IPM 313 Among na
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PREDATORY MITES IN IPM 315 antagoni
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PREDATORY MITES IN IPM 317 of sex a
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PREDATORY MITES IN IPM 319 Table 2
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PREDATORY MITES IN IPM 321 effect w
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PREDATORY MITES IN IPM 323 Castagno
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PREDATORY MITES IN IPM 325 Schausbe
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328 INDEX 237, 238, 241, 268, 269,
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330 INDEX Asaphes vulgaris, 46 Asap
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332 INDEX Btk spore, 243 Btk, 240-2
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334 INDEX Citrus aurantifolia, 3 Ci
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336 INDEX 254, 255, 267-269, 292, 2
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338 INDEX Dodine, 141, 142 Dorsal d
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340 INDEX Eulophidae, 20, 38, 43, 4
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342 INDEX 216, 249, 250, 260, 261,
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344 INDEX Hibernation, 47 Hickory s
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346 INDEX Iphiseius (Amblyseius) de
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348 INDEX Louisiana, 82 Lufenuron,
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350 INDEX Moisture, 146-148, 150, 1
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352 INDEX Nymphal distribution, 164
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354 INDEX Pecan trees, 134, 136, 14
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356 INDEX Pnigalio agraules, 85 Pni
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358 INDEX Regression model, 271 Reg
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360 INDEX Sethoxydim, 137, 144, 152
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362 INDEX Sunlight, 39, 90, 167, 25
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364 INDEX Trichlorfon, 21, 22, 24,
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366 INDEX Winter, 32, 51, 237, 241
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[Edited_by_A._Ciancio,_C.N.R.,_Bari,_Italy_and_K.(Bookos.org)

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