[Edited_by_A._Ciancio,_C.N.R.,_Bari,_Italy_and_K.(Bookos.org)

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L. ZAPPALÀ
In Italy C. phyllocnistoides was introduced in 1999 (Mineo & Mineo, 1999a) and
in the same year about 600 specimens were released in Western Sicily (Mineo,
Mineo, & Sinacori, 2001). In 2000–2001 more than 3,000 specimens were released
in Eastern Sicily (Conti, Raciti, Campo, Siscaro, & Reina, 2001). The eulophid was
recovered in all the release sites (Conti et al., 2001) and also overwintered far from
them (Mineo et al., 2001). Observations carried out in the following years showed
its permanent establishment with a contribution to parasitization which increased
from around 5% in 1999–2000 to almost 60% in 2001–2007.
Semielacher petiolatus (Fig. 6) is a solitary ectoparasitic wasp which lays eggs
on P. citrella second and third instar larvae (Fig. 7), although it frequently
parasitizes also prepupae (Bouček, 1988; Argov & Rössler, 1998; Mineo & Mineo,
1999b; Ateyyat, 2002; Lim & Hoy, 2005). It has been observed developing on
alternative hosts, such as Diptera Agromyzidae Agromyza hiemalis Becker on
Urtica spp., Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) on Sonchus spp. and Liriomyza sp.
on Merculiaris annua L. and Lepidoptera Cosmopterix pulchrimella Chambers
(Cosmopterigidae) on Parietaria diffusa M. & K., Stigmella aurella (Fabr.)
(Nepticulidae) on Rubus ulmifolius Schott and Dialectica scalariella Zeller
(Gracillariidae) on Echium sp. (Massa & Rizzo, 2000; Massa et al., 2001).
Figure 7. Semielacher petiolatus egg (yellow arrow) laid close to a CLM larva.
The parasitoid, after various larval instars, pupates in host mines (Fig. 8) and
parasitized CLM larvae will not complete their development. The life cycle is
completed in 10 days at 25°C. Host feeding was observed in the laboratory (Argov
& Rössler, 1998). Semielacher petiolatus has been recovered on P. citrella in
Australia (Bouček, 1988) and in Solomon Islands (Schauff et al., 1998). The
eulophid has been introduced in Cyprus, Israel, Morocco, Oman, Syria, Tunisia,
Turkey (Schauff et al., 1998), Egypt (Hamed, Reckhaus, Mahrous, Soliman, &
Gassert, 1999), Greece (Michelakis, 1997) and Spain (García-Marí et al., 1997). In
2003 adults of S. petiolatus were imported from Italy to Florida but after the
evaluation in the quarantine facilities in order to verify the potential effectiveness of