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FARHA-REHMAN ET AL.
Thaler, Farag, Parepaul, and dicke (2002) found that jasmonate deficient plants
reduced direct and indirect defenses against herbivores. Some plant species had
negative effects on herbivores whereas others had indirect defense against herbivory,
via invitation to the natural enemies of herbivores. It was also noted that damaged
wild type plant were more attractive to predator mites compared with undamaged
wild plant. In both cases, JA is reported to be an essential regulatory component for
the expression of direct and indirect plant defences against herbivory (Thaler et al.,
2002). Van Poecke and Dicke (2004) reported that Arabiodopsis thaliana defends itself
from pathogens, herbivorous insects and mites through induced volatiles emissions, upon
herbivory. These volatiles guided predators or parasites to reach their herbivorous prey,
with a benefit for both the plants and the carnivores. Similar indirect defense
patterns have also been noted in pine, maize and lima bean.
Figure 2. Choroedocus illustris attacking male inflorescence of Zea mays.
The proline accumulating leaves are preferred by grasshoppers. Herbivory
increased the population of grasshoppers in drought stressed plants (Haglund, 1980).
Treatments with low levels of methyl jasmonate resulted in the accumulation of