[Edited_by_A._Ciancio,_C.N.R.,_Bari,_Italy_and_K.(Bookos.org)

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F. KARAMAOUNA ET AL.
Michelakis, 1992; Zervas, Kateva, & Christopoulos, 1995; Papadopoulos &
Economopoulos, 1997a; Katsoyannos, Kouloussis & Carey, 1998; Papadopoulos,
1999; Papachristos, 2007).
Adults of medfly are active from late spring until early winter and they are very
abundant from the beginning of August until the end of October; they remain
inactive or below detectable levels throughout the rest of the year (Zervas et al.,
1995; Katsoyannos et al., 1998; Papadopoulos, 1999; Papachristos, 2007).
However, in the southern part of the country (the island of Crete) the adults are
active during winter (Mavrikakis, Economopoulos, & Carey, 2000). Larvae inside
the infested fruits and pupae in the soil are the main stages of overwintering in the
north whereas in Crete it appears that the medfly overwinters in all development
stages (Mourikis, 1965; Zervas et al., 1995; Papadopoulos, Carey, Katsoyannos, &
Kouloussis, 1996; Katsoyannos et al., 1998; Papadopoulos, 1999; Mavrikakis
et al., 2000). Moreover, patterns of fluctuation of adult population size may be
varying significantly even in the same region depending on the host plant
composition and availability (Katsoyannos et al., 1998). Although the precise
determination of C. capitata generations is difficult because of a high overlapping
between them, it is considered that C. capitata completes 5–7 generations
depending on the region and the year (Mourikis, 1965).
Infestation of citrus fruits starts as soon as they begin to ripen and continues until
they are completely ripe. Among the main citrus species, the most susceptible one is
bitter orange, followed by orange, whereas lemon seems to be immune (Katsoyannos
et al., 1998; Mavrikakis et al., 2000; Papachristos, 2007). In most areas of Greece the
late autumn ripening oranges escape heavy infestation because the medfly is not active
at the particular season (Katsoyannos et al., 1998; Papachristos & Papadopoulos, 2009).
Today the control of the medfly is mainly carried out with the use of pesticides
(Economopoulos, 1996). Mass trapping as well as the sterile insect technique have
also been applied with success (Zervas, Christopoulos, & Kateva, 1997;
Economopoulos et al., 1996).
2.1.1. Monitoring
Detection and population monitoring of C. capitata is based on trapping of adults. A
wide variety of traps and trophic, optical and sexual attractants are used in trapping of
the medfly, which serves for monitoring of population or for pest control.
Jackson traps baited with the male specific parapheromone trimedlure are
specialized for capturing males of C. capitata but these traps have low accuracy in
low population densities (Katsoyannos et al., 1998). The International Pheromone
Plastic McPhail trap (IPMT), baited with a water solution of a protein hydrolysate
(9%) and borax (3%) added as a preservative, is the most common method for
capturing female and male adults (Katsoyannos, 1994). Another trapping method
using the IPMTs and the food attractants ammonium acetate (AA), 1,4
diaminobutane (putrescine) and trimethylamine (TMA) (Katsoyannos,
Papadopoulos, Hearth, Hendrichs, & Kouloussis, 1999a, 1999b) have been proved
effective even at low and medium population levels of the medfly. In recent