On the Spectrum

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From Chronnectivity To Chronnectopathy: Connectivity Dynamics of Typical Development At approximately age 7 years, children who scored in the top 15th percentile on the Child Behavior Checklist-1.5–5 total score and those who scored in the top 2nd percentile on the Pervasive Developmental Problems sub-scale underwent a screening procedure for ASD using the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), a 40-item parent-reported screening instrument to assess characteristic autistic behavior. Social Communication Questionnaire scores ≥15 are considered positive for screening (Berument, Rutter, Lord, Pickles and Bailey 1999). We approached the general practitioners of children who scored screen-positive on the SRS, SCQ or for whom the mother reported a diagnosis of ASD in order to confirm this diagnosis with medical records. In the Netherlands, the general practitioner holds the central medical records, including information on treatment by (medical) specialists. In this sample, 22 children with usable MRI data also had a confirmed diagnosis of ASD. MRI Data Acquisition Magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired on a 3 Tesla scanner (Discovery 750, General Electric, Milwaukee, WI) using a standard 8-channel, receive-only head coil. A threeplane localizer was run first and used to position all subsequent scans. Structural T1-weighted images were acquired using a fast spoiled gradient-recalled echo (FSPGR) sequence (TR = 10.3 ms, TE = 4.2 ms, TI = 350 ms, NEX = 1, flip angle = 16°, matrix = 256 x 256, field of view (FOV) = 230.4 mm, slice thickness = 0.9mm). Echo planar imaging was used for the rs-fMRI session with the following parameters: TR = 2000 ms, TE = 30 ms, flip angle = 85°, matrix = 64 x 64, FOV = 230 mm x 230 mm, slice thickness = 4 mm. In order to determine the number of TRs necessary for functional connectivity analyses, early acquisitions acquired 250 TRs (acquisition time = 8min 20sec). After it was determined fewer TRs were required for these analyses, the number of TRs was reduced to 160 (acquisition time = 5min 20sec) (White, Muetzel et al. 2014). Children were instructed to stay awake and keep their eyes closed during the rs-fMRI scan. Further details on the entire scanning protocol can be found elsewhere (White, El Marroun et al. 2013). 5 Image Preprocessing Data preprocessing was performed using a combination of toolboxes (AFNI, http://afni.nimh. nih.gov, SPM, http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm, GIFT, http://mialab.mrn.org/software/gift), and custom scripts were written in Matlab. We performed rigid body motion correction using the INRIAlign (Freire and Mangin 2001) toolbox in SPM to correct for subject head motion followed by slice-timing correction to account for timing differences in slice acquisition. Then the fMRI data were despiked using AFNI’s 3dDespike algorithm to mitigate the impact of outliers. The fMRI data were subsequently warped to a Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) template (http://www.mni.mcgill.ca) and resampled to 3 mm 3 isotropic voxels. Then we smoothed the data with a Gaussian kernel to 5 mm full width at half maximum (FWHM). 113
Chapter 5 Each voxel time course was variance normalized prior to performing group independent component analysis as this has shown to better decompose subcortical sources in addition to cortical networks. In order to limit the impact of severe head motion, we excluded subjects’ data with a maximum translation of > 5 mm and/or with signal-to-noise fluctuation ratio (SFNR)
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On the Spectrum the neurobiology of
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ISBN: 978-94-6233-336-9 © Laura Bl
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PROMOTIECOMMISSIE Promotoren Overig
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MANUSCRIPTS THAT FORM THE BASIS OF
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Chapter 1 10
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Chapter 1 Cuthbert, Garvey, Heinsse
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Chapter 1 folding of the brain into
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Chapter 1 beneficial for treatment
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Chapter 1 REFERENCES Achenbach, T.
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Chapter 1 Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S.
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IPart I: The neurobiology of autist
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Chapter 2 ABSTRACT Objective: Recen
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Chapter 2 Hardan 2010) and right pa
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Chapter 2 Statistical analysis To i
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Chapter 2 Gyrification Six regions
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Chapter 2 The association remained
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Chapter 2 Table 4. Autistic traits
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Chapter 2 While we found widespread
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Chapter 2 REFERENCES Amaral, D. G.,
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Chapter 2 Wallace, G. L., P. Shaw,
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Chapter 2 South-West of the Netherl
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Chapter 2 Supplementary Figure 1. F
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Chapter 2 Supplementary Figure 3. G
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Chapter 2 Supplementary Figure 5. C
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Chapter 2 Supplementary Table 1. No
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Chapter 2 Supplementary Table 3. Ca
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3 A Prospective Study of Fetal Head
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A Prospective Study of Fetal Head G
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A Prospective Study of Fetal Head G
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Cognitive functioning in children w
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Chapter 7 ABSTRACT Objectives: In c
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Chapter 7 profile analysis performe
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Chapter 7 have been demonstrated pr
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Chapter 7 Next, we examined associa
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Chapter 7 Table 2 Brain morphology
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Chapter 7 Table 3 Cortical thicknes
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Chapter 7 Our finding was suggestiv
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Chapter 7 Using empirically defined
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Chapter 7 Fischl, B. and A. M. Dale
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Chapter 7 Supplement Table 1 Brain
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IIIPart III
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Chapter 8 190
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Chapter 8 stable relationships, and
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Chapter 8 gyrification changes in p
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Chapter 8 genetic or environmental
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Chapter 8 diseases, according to th
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Chapter 8 ability may be even more
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Chapter 8 symptoms could be more sp
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Chapter 8 association of maternal v
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Chapter 8 REFERENCES Abrahams, B. S
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Chapter 8 Goddard, M. N., S. van Ri
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Chapter 8 Sebat, J., B. Lakshmi, D.
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SSummary Samenvatting
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Summary SUMMARY Despite evidence fr
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Summary along a continuum were used
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Samenvatting SAMENVATTING Genetisch
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Samenvatting jonge kinderen die zic
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Addendum Mous SE, Schoemaker NK, Bl
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Addendum Zoeken in andere databases
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Addendum School of Women’s and In
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Addendum Graag wil ik Dr. Marion Sm
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Addendum hebben. Dank in het bijzon
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On the Spectrum

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