On the Spectrum

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From Chronnectivity To Chronnectopathy: Connectivity Dynamics of Typical Development Statistical Analyses Statistical analyses were carried out in Matlab (version R2011b) using the statistics toolbox and linear model class. Multiple linear regression was used to examine associations with connectivity metrics. Two separate models were used to investigate associations with sFNC, dFNC and summary metrics from dFNC such as MDT and FT: first model where age, sex and age-sex interaction were entered as independent (predictor) variables and main effects for each were examined, and a second model where autistic traits (SRS) was entered as the independent variable and age, sex and age-sex interaction were added as covariates. All of the results reported correspond to a false discovery rate multiple comparison correction threshold q < 0.05. The following models were used for investigating associations with sFNC. We also checked the effects of interaction between age-sex and SRS-sex (in Model-1: β I age i * sex i ; in Model-2: β I SRS i * sex i ). Model-1 sFNC : sFNC i ~ β 0 +β 1 age i + β 2 sex i +ε i Model-2 sFNC : sFNC i ~ β 0 +β 1 SRS i + β 2 age i + β 3 sex i +ε i For dFNC analyses, we computed a subject median (computed element-wise) for each partition from the subject windows that were assigned to that partition as a representative pattern of connectivity of the subject for that state. To investigate if the observed effects of age, sex and SRS on sFNC are primarily driven by certain dynamic FNC states, we used these subject medians for each state, as well as the summary matrices for each state, and evaluated the associations using two separate models as mentioned above. 5 The following models were used for investigating associations with dFNC. We also checked the effects of interaction between age-sex and SRS-sex (in Model-3: β I age i * sex i ; in Model-4: β I SRS i * sex i ). Model-3 dFNC : dFNC i state (k) ~ β 0 +β 1 age i + β 2 sex i +ε i Model-4 dFNC : dFNC i state (k) ~ β 0 +β 1 SRS i + β 2 age i + β 3 sex i +ε i The following models were used for investigating associations with summary matrices of dFNC (MDT and FT). We also checked the effects of interaction between age-sex and SRS-sex (in Model-5 and Model-7: β I age i * sex i ; in Model-6 and Model-8: β I SRS i * sex i ). Model-5 MDT : MDT i ~ β 0 +β 1 age i + β 2 sex i +ε i Model-6 MDT : MDT i ~ β 0 +β 1 SRS i + β 2 age i + β 3 sex i +ε i 117
Chapter 5 Model-7 FT : FT i ~ β 0 +β 1 age i + β 2 sex i +ε i Model-8 FT : FT i ~ β 0 +β 1 SRS i + β 2 age i + β 3 sex i +ε i Pair-wise associations from the above mentioned models are depicted in connectivity matrices and in connectograms (Langen, White, Ikram, Vernooij and Niessen 2015). Several sensitivity analyses were run in order to ensure results were not influenced various confounding factors, and are reported in the Supplemental Data section. First, to ensure behavioral problems did not influence age- and sex-related associations, analyses were run where children with high levels of behavioral problems were excluded. Similarly, to test whether continuous associations between autistic traits and connectivity were truly along a continuum and not driven by extreme cases, analyses were run after excluding children scoring highest on the SRS. 118
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On the Spectrum the neurobiology of
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ISBN: 978-94-6233-336-9 © Laura Bl
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PROMOTIECOMMISSIE Promotoren Overig
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MANUSCRIPTS THAT FORM THE BASIS OF
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Chapter 1 10
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Chapter 1 Cuthbert, Garvey, Heinsse
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Chapter 1 folding of the brain into
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Chapter 1 beneficial for treatment
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Chapter 1 REFERENCES Achenbach, T.
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Chapter 1 Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S.
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IPart I: The neurobiology of autist
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Chapter 2 ABSTRACT Objective: Recen
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Chapter 2 Hardan 2010) and right pa
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Chapter 2 Statistical analysis To i
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Chapter 2 Gyrification Six regions
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Chapter 2 The association remained
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Chapter 2 Table 4. Autistic traits
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Chapter 2 While we found widespread
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Chapter 2 REFERENCES Amaral, D. G.,
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Chapter 2 Wallace, G. L., P. Shaw,
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Chapter 2 South-West of the Netherl
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Chapter 2 Supplementary Figure 1. F
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Chapter 2 Supplementary Figure 3. G
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Chapter 2 Supplementary Figure 5. C
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Chapter 2 Supplementary Table 1. No
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Chapter 2 Supplementary Table 3. Ca
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3 A Prospective Study of Fetal Head
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A Prospective Study of Fetal Head G
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Chapter 7 profile analysis performe
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Chapter 7 have been demonstrated pr
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Chapter 7 Next, we examined associa
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Chapter 7 Table 2 Brain morphology
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Chapter 7 Table 3 Cortical thicknes
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Chapter 7 Our finding was suggestiv
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Chapter 7 Using empirically defined
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Chapter 7 Fischl, B. and A. M. Dale
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Chapter 7 Supplement Table 1 Brain
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IIIPart III
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Chapter 8 190
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Chapter 8 stable relationships, and
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Chapter 8 gyrification changes in p
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Chapter 8 genetic or environmental
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Chapter 8 diseases, according to th
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Chapter 8 ability may be even more
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Chapter 8 symptoms could be more sp
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Chapter 8 association of maternal v
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Chapter 8 REFERENCES Abrahams, B. S
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Chapter 8 Goddard, M. N., S. van Ri
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Chapter 8 Sebat, J., B. Lakshmi, D.
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SSummary Samenvatting
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Summary SUMMARY Despite evidence fr
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Summary along a continuum were used
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Samenvatting SAMENVATTING Genetisch
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Samenvatting jonge kinderen die zic
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Addendum Mous SE, Schoemaker NK, Bl
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Addendum Zoeken in andere databases
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Addendum School of Women’s and In
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Addendum Graag wil ik Dr. Marion Sm
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Addendum hebben. Dank in het bijzon
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On the Spectrum

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