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Cortical morphology in children with autistic traits Table 2 Gyrification and autistic traits (n=717): vertex-wise analyses (A) and regression analyses (B) A. Vertex-wise analyses Cluster Talairach coordinates No. of vertices Clusterwise size (mm2) X Y Z within cluster p-value Left Hemisphere Temporal/precuneus 15222.16 -48.7 -43.6 7.5 28452 .0001 Frontal 5039.94 -9.5 62.7 -5.5 7569 .0001 Pre/postcentral 2100.33 -30.6 -27.2 48.6 4993 .0275 Right Hemisphere Temporal/frontal 16329.37 61.7 -7.9 0.3 34398 .0001 Cingulate 7276.69 14.1 -61.1 1.1 14941 .0001 Frontal/cingulate 4493.51 6.2 46.3 -19.8 7670 .0001 B. Regression analyses B SE B p β Left Hemisphere Temporal/precuneus Model 1 -0.20 0.05 .000 -0.15 Model 2 (adjusted) -0.15 0.11 .006 -0.11 Frontal Model 1 -0.14 0.04 .000 -0.14 Model 2 (adjusted) -0.10 0.08 .020 -0.10 Pre/postcentral Model 1 -0.20 0.08 .009 -0.10 Model 2 (adjusted) -0.12 0.17 .150 -0.06 Right Hemisphere Temporal/frontal Model 1 -0.36 0.09 .000 -0.15 Model 2 (adjusted) -0.28 0.19 .005 -0.12 Cingulate Model 1 -0.30 0.08 .000 -0.14 Model 2 (adjusted) -0.22 0.18 .013 -0.11 Frontal/cingulate Model 1 -0.11 0.04 .003 -0.11 Model 2 (adjusted) -0.07 0.08 .087 -0.07 Note. Local gyrification indices were residualized for age at scanning. Model 1 adjusted for age when Social Responsiveness Scale was completed and gender. Model 2 additionally adjusted for child ethnicity, maternal education, maternal alcohol use, maternal smoking, Child Behavior Checklist attention problems and non-verbal IQ. 2 33
Chapter 2 The association remained in all but two clusters (LH 3 and RH6), after adjusting for confounding factors (Table 2B). The significant findings remained after additionally correcting for total brain volume (Supplementary Table 2). Plots of the age-residualized gyrification indices against quintiles of Social Responsiveness Scale scores are shown in Supplementary Figure 2. Adding a quadratic term did not significantly improve the model in any of the gyrification clusters. There was no gender by gyrification interaction and gender-stratified analysis revealed similar patterns of decreased gyrification (Supplementary Figure 3). In children with a delay of less than a year between administration of the Social Responsiveness Scale and the MRI scan (n=179), the direction of the effect was similar. Case control analyses To assess differences in gyrification between children with a diagnosis of ASD and control subjects, we performed independent t-tests on the 6 boys in our sample with a confirmed ADI-R/ADOS diagnosis with a group of age and gender-matched controls. In general, subjects with ASD had lower gyrification indices, although this difference did not reach statistical significance (Supplementary Table 3). Analyses without children with the highest levels of autistic traits and ASD Next, we explored if these associations also held excluding children with high levels of autistic traits. We excluded the 6 boys who met criteria for ASD as measured by either ADI-R or ADOS. Further, boys with weighted Social Responsiveness Scale scores above 1.078 and girls with scores over 1.000 were excluded, in line with cut-offs recommended for screening in population-based settings (Constantino 2002). This resulted in a sample of 695 children. The results show effect sizes similar to those in the full sample (Table 3). After correcting for covariates, the relation between less gyrification and more autistic traits remained significant in the left hemisphere temporal/precuneus cluster (LH1) and a trend remained in the left hemisphere frontal cluster (LH2). Specificity analyses To explore the specificity of our results, we repeated the analyses with two other subscales of the Child Behavior Checklist as predictors (aggression and anxiety/depression). This was in addition to attention problems and non-verbal IQ, that were included as covariates in the main analysis. This yielded very small effect sizes that became insignificant after correcting for confounders. 34
Page 1 and 2: On the Spectrum the neurobiology of
Page 3 and 4: ISBN: 978-94-6233-336-9 © Laura Bl
Page 5 and 6: PROMOTIECOMMISSIE Promotoren Overig
Page 8: MANUSCRIPTS THAT FORM THE BASIS OF
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Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 Cuthbert, Garvey, Heinsse
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Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 REFERENCES Achenbach, T.
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5 From Chronnectivity To Chronnecto
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Chapter 7 ABSTRACT Objectives: In c
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Chapter 7 profile analysis performe
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Chapter 7 have been demonstrated pr
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Chapter 7 Next, we examined associa
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Chapter 7 Table 2 Brain morphology
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Chapter 7 Table 3 Cortical thicknes
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Chapter 7 Our finding was suggestiv
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Chapter 7 Using empirically defined
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Chapter 7 Fischl, B. and A. M. Dale
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Chapter 7 Supplement Table 1 Brain
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IIIPart III
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Chapter 8 190
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Chapter 8 stable relationships, and
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Chapter 8 gyrification changes in p
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Chapter 8 genetic or environmental
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Chapter 8 symptoms could be more sp
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Chapter 8 association of maternal v
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Chapter 8 REFERENCES Abrahams, B. S
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Chapter 8 Goddard, M. N., S. van Ri
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Chapter 8 Sebat, J., B. Lakshmi, D.
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SSummary Samenvatting
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Summary SUMMARY Despite evidence fr
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Summary along a continuum were used
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Samenvatting SAMENVATTING Genetisch
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Samenvatting jonge kinderen die zic
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Addendum Mous SE, Schoemaker NK, Bl
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Addendum Zoeken in andere databases
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Addendum School of Women’s and In
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Addendum Graag wil ik Dr. Marion Sm
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Addendum hebben. Dank in het bijzon
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On the Spectrum

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