Abdal Hakim Murad - The Cambridge Companion to Islamic Theology

54 Khalid Blankinship
Thus, by the mid-tenth century, the Muslim world had begun to
settle on several defining and immensely enduring doctrinal alignments
that have not been substantially altered since: the Ash‘arı, Maturıdı and
H _
anbalı Sunnıs, two varieties of Mu‘tazilism among the Twelver and
the Zaydı Shı‘a, the Neoplatonism of many Isma‘ılı Shı‘a, and the Ibad _
ı
doctrines among the residual Kharijites. All other early formulations in
that period of intense competition and energy eventually passed into
extinction, although, as in the case of the Murji’a, they made substantial
contributions to the schools that were able to survive.
Further reading
Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd edn, 12 vols. (Leiden, 1986–2004), articles ‘‘Abu’l-
Hudhayl al–‘Allaf’’; ‘‘Ah _
mad b. H _
anbal’’; ‘‘al-Ash‘arı, Abu’l-H _
asan’’; ‘‘Bishr
b. Ghiyath al-Marısı’’; ‘‘Bishr b. al-Mu‘tamir’’; ‘‘Djahm b. S _
afwan’’;
‘‘Djahmiyya’’; ‘‘Ghaylan b. Muslim’’; ‘‘al-H _
asan al-Bas _
rı’’; ‘‘Hisham b.
al-H _
akam’’; ‘‘Ikhtiyar’’; ‘‘Istit _
a‘a’’; ‘‘K _
adariyya’’; ‘‘Karramiyya’’; ‘‘Kasb’’;
‘‘al-Maturıdı ’’; ‘‘Murdji’a’’; ‘‘Mu‘tazila’’; ‘‘al-Nadjdjar’’; ‘‘Shı‘a’’.
Cook, Michael, Early Muslim Dogma (Cambridge, 1981).
Ess, Josef van, ‘Das Kitab al-irga’ des H _
asan b. Muh _
ammad b. al-H _
anafiyya’,
Arabica 21 (1974), pp. 20–5.
Theologie und Gesellschaft im 2.und3. Jahrhundert Hidschra: eine Geschichte
des religiösen Denkens im frühen Islam, 6 vols. (Berlin, 1991–5).
Frank, Richard M., ‘‘Remarks on the early development of the kalam’’, Atti del
terzio congresso di studi arabi e islamici (Naples, 1967), pp. 315–29.
‘‘The science of kalam’’, Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 2 (1992), pp. 7–37.
Gimaret, Daniel, Dieu à l’image de l’homme: les anthropomorphismes de la
sunna et leur interpretation par les théologiens (Paris, 1997).
La doctrine d’al-Ash‘ari (Paris, 1990).
Mourad, Suleiman Ali, Early Islam between Myth and History: al-H _
asan
al-Bas _
rı (d. 110 h / 728 ce) and the Formation of His Legacy in Classical
Islamic Scholarship (Leiden and Boston, 2006).
Nagel, Tilman, The History of Islamic Theology: From Muh _
ammad to the
Present (Princeton, 2000).
Watt, W. Montgomery, The Formative Period of Islamic Thought (Edinburgh,
1973).
Notes
1. ‘Uthman ibn Sa‘ıd al-Darimı, al-Radd ‘ala’l-Jahmiyya, ed. Badr al-Badr
(Kuwait, 1405/1985), p. 56, para.104 and fn. 58.
2. Ezek. 1:4–28; 8:1–4; 10:1–22; Dan.7:9–14; Rev.1:12–16; 4:2–11; 19:1–8;
20:11–15.
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