327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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SummaryFlowering plants consist of two major organsystems: Underground root system and aerialroot system. Roots perform the functions ofanchoring and absorbing nutrients from thesoil. However some roots perform additionalfunctions for which they undergo variousmodifications in shape, form and structure.Tap root continue the growth from the radicalwhich further branches into secondary roots.Adventitious roots arise from different partsof the plant other than radical. Stem helps todisplay the leaves to get maximum sunlightand positioning flowers and fruits to attractpollination and dispersal agents. Apart fromthe normal functions the stems are modifiedto perform various functions such as foodstorage, perennation and protection. Leavesare exogenous in origin and function as foodsynthesizing and gaseous exchange sites. Someleaves also perform additional functions forwhich they are modified in their morphology.Leaves possess vascular tissues in the form ofveins which render support to the lamina andhelp in transport of water, nutrients and food inand out of leaves. Phyllotaxy is the arrangementor distribution of leaves on the stem or itsbranches in such a way that they receivemaximum sunlight to perform photosynthesis.Activity1. Collection of medicines preparedfrom root, stem, leaf of organic plants.2. Prepare a report of traditionalmedicines.3. Classroom level exhibition onSiddha and Ayurvedic medicineprepared from root, leaf, stem.4. Growing micro greens in class room– project work. (Green seed sprouts)Evaluation2. Roots are1. Which of thefollowing ispolycarpic plant?a. Mangiferab. Bambusac. Musad. Agavea. Descending, negatively geotropic,positively phototropicb. Descending, positively geotropic,negatively phototropicc. Ascending, positively geotropic,negatively phototropicd. Ascending, negatively geotropic,positively phototropic3. Bryophyllum and Dioscorea areexample fora. Foliar bud, apical budb. Foliar bud, cauline budc. Cauline bud, apical budd. Cauline bud, foliar bud4. Which of the following is correctstatement?a. In Pisum sativum leaflets modifiedinto tendrilsb. In Atalantia terminal bud is modifiedinto thornsc. In Nepenthes midrib is modified intolidd. In Smilax inflorescence axis ismodified into tendrils5. Select the mismatch paira. Sagittaria - Heterophyllyb. Lablab - Trifoliolatec. Begonia - Leaf mosaicd. Allamanda - Ternate phyllotaxy120
6. Draw and label the parts of regions ofroot.7. Write the similarities and differencesbetween1. Avicennia and Trapa2. Radical buds and foliar buds3. Phylloclade and cladode8. How root climbers differ from stemclimbers?9. Compare sympodial branching withmonopodial branching.10. Differentiate pinnate unicostate withpalmate multicostate venationClimbersRoot climber - Piper betel Stem climber - Clitoria Thorn climber - BougainvilleaLianas - EntadaTendril climber -Cissus quadrangularis121
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GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADUBOTANYHIGHE
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CONTENTSBOTANYUNIT I: Diversity of
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TNAU B.Sc. Agriculture, B.Sc. Horti
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Research Institutions in various ar
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Chapter1Unit I: Diversity ofLiving
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(a)Nucleus(b)to change is called Ho
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1892 Dimitry Ivanowsky proved thatv
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1.2.6 BacteriophageViruses infectin
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are similar to viroids but they are
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Table 1.4: Systems of Classificatio
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Table 1.5: Comparison of Five Kingd
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CoccusDiplococcusStaphylococcusTetr
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MesosomesThese are localized infold
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What are Magnetosomes ?Intracellula
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with the help of pili. The pilus gr
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Table 1.7: Economic importance of B
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Table 1.10: Human diseases caused b
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• The reserve food material isCya
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logos - study). P.A. Micheli is con
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TrichogyneMicroconidia(f) Sporangia
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Zygomycetes• Most of the species
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fungi, stink horns, rusts and smuts
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like Amylase, Protease, Lactase etc
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and multinucleate structures which
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Figure 1.29: V.S. of Agaricus gillb
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evenly distributed in the thallus)
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6. Differentiate Homoiomerous andHe
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Chapter2Plant KingdomLearning Objec
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2.2 Life Cycle Patterns in PlantsAl
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FlagellaChloroplastOogoniumAntherid
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Autospores (spores which look simil
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r-phycocyanin are the photosyntheti
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ReproductionOedogonium reproduces b
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cells are elongated and possesses a
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• Sexual reproduction is Oogamous
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GametophyteThe plant body of Marcha
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The sporophyte is not free-living b
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4. Development of Bulbils on the rh
Page 77 and 78: 2.5 PteridophytesSeedless Vascular
Page 79 and 80: Division-PTERIDOPHYTASub divisionPs
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Page 83 and 84: microsporangium and megaspores inme
Page 85 and 86: The epidermis is the outermost laye
Page 87 and 88: 1. Protostele:In protostele phloem
Page 89 and 90: a) Cycas b) Thuja c) Taxus d) Ginkg
Page 91 and 92: 2.6.4 CycasClass - CycadopsidaOrder
Page 93 and 94: of the rachis is the arrangement of
Page 95 and 96: consists of 3 layers, the outer and
Page 97 and 98: (ii) Dwarf shoot or branches of lim
Page 99 and 100: Figure 2.53b Pinus Pollen Grainc) A
Page 101 and 102: parts of the extinct plants are obt
Page 103 and 104: The sporangia with spores are found
Page 105 and 106: ICT CornerDifferent forms of plants
Page 107 and 108: 3.1 HabitThe general form of a plan
Page 109 and 110: I. Characteristic features• Root
Page 111 and 112: 3.5.2 Modifications of rootI. Tap r
Page 113 and 114: 3. Sucking or Haustorial rootsThese
Page 115 and 116: 3.6.2 Types of StemMajority of angi
Page 117 and 118: CladodePhyllocladeSpineScaly leafRu
Page 119 and 120: 4. TuberThis is a succulent undergr
Page 121 and 122: 2. Palmately reticulate venation(mu
Page 123 and 124: AlternatePolyalthia4. Whorled (vert
Page 125 and 126: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)Figure 3.16: Typ
Page 127: 3. Plicate or plaited - when the le
Page 131 and 132: Chapter4Reproductive MorphologyLear
Page 133 and 134: 4.1.2 Based on branching pattern an
Page 135 and 136: f. Panicle: A branched raceme is ca
Page 137 and 138: Figure 4.6: (b) diagrammatic,(c) Mo
Page 139 and 140: 4.2 FlowerIn a plant, which part wo
Page 141 and 142: Figure 4.13: (a)ActinomorphicFigure
Page 143 and 144: Figure 4.17: (a)TrimerousFigure 4.1
Page 145 and 146: Figure 4.21: (d)CampanulateFigure 4
Page 147 and 148: 4.3.7 Aestivation: Arrangement of s
Page 149 and 150: c. Gynostegium:Connation product of
Page 151 and 152: 4.4.7 Anther dehiscing directionIt
Page 153 and 154: CorollaAnthophoreCalyxSaffron flowe
Page 155 and 156: 4.6 Construction of floral diagrama
Page 157 and 158: Br : Bracteate.Ebr : EbracteateBrl
Page 159 and 160: Berry (Tomato)Drupe (Mango)Pepo (Cu
Page 161 and 162: is free from seed coat. Example: Cl
Page 163 and 164: FruitsSimpleAggregateMultipleEtaeri
Page 165 and 166: 4.8 SeedDo all fruits contain seeds
Page 167 and 168: ICT CornerFloral diagram and floral
Page 169 and 170: laid strong foundation for the bino
Page 171 and 172: Another concept emphasises the prod
Page 173 and 174: erecto folius compositis. It means
Page 175 and 176: Regional FloraIt includes large geo
Page 177 and 178: Botanical garden contains special p
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International HerbariumS.No Herbari
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Taxonomists have assigned a methodo
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Seed plantsClass IDicotyledonaeClas
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Figure 5.8: Adolph Engler and Karl
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Monocots are classified into 11 ord
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1. Easily visible characters like s
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the form of a tree called phylogene
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based on shared apomorphic characte
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Flowers: Bracteate, bracteolate(Ses
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are dithecous, basifixed, introse a
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Economic ImportanceEconomicimportan
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5.13.2 Family: Apocynaceae (milk we
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FlowerLeafFruitCorollaSepalCalyxL.S
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Economic importance of the family A
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5.13.3 Family: Solanaceae (Potato F
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LeafStamenCorollaStamenCorollaCalyx
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Habit: A small annual herbRoot: Bra
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5.13.4 Family: Euphorbiaceae (Casto
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Botanical Description Of Ricinus co
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Economic importance of the family E
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HeliconiaceaeSystematic PositionAPG
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LeafSpatheFlowerFruitBranchedspadix
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Economic Importance of The Family M
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in species of Smilax it is reticula
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Economic importance of the family l
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State Flower of Tamil NaduGloriosa
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as karyotaxonomy. The application o
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Chapter6Unit III: Cell biology andB
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microscopic organisms therefore it
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Microscopic measurements:The micros
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Comparison of MicroscopesFeaturesSo
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These solutes may be homogeneous(so
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of nuclear material. The DNA is wit
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The first cell might have evolvedap
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In plant, cell wall shows three dis
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Figure 6.13: Transport of molecules
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The largest of the internal membran
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time faster than DNA in the nucleus
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Ribosome consists of RNA andprotein
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v. Tannins in Mimosa pudica.vi. Rap
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secondary constrictions are called
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chromosome forms the chromosomal ax
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c. Smears: Here the specimen is in
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organisms are classified into proka
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ICT CornerCell structureCell-The un
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7.1 History of a CellTable 7.1: His
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Figure 7.1: Cell cyclethe cell cycl
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Drawbacks of Amitosis• Causes une
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the key regulatory proteins at the
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organs. It results in the formation
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Figure 7.8: MeiosisTelophase IIFour
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Summary273
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ICT CornerCell divisionHow cells ar
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222222BiomoleculesOrganic compounds
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8.2 Primary and SecondaryMetabolite
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8.3.2 DisaccharidesDisaccharides ar
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8.3.8 ChitinChitin is a homo polysa
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linoleic acid) the hydrocarbon chai
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8.5 ProteinsProteins are the most d
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8.5.2 Structure of ProteinProtein i
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colour develops without heating (Fi
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8.6.3 Factors Affecting the Rate of
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allosteric inhibitors. Eg. The enzy
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LyaseLigaseEnzymesMode ofactionBrea
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A characteristic feature that diffe
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Blue bands - Twosugar-phosphatechai
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Evaluation1. The most basic amino a
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ReferencesUnit 1: Diversity of Livi
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GlossaryAcetyl CoAActive siteAkinet
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English - Tamil TerminologyAcropeta
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Competitive Examination QuestionsUn
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22. Which one of the following stat
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18. How many plants in the list giv
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BOTANICAL NAMES AND COMMON NAMESS.N
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64 Musa paradisiaca Banana வா
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327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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