327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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heterocyclic compound that can be eithera purine (two rings) or a pyrimidine(one ring). There are 2 types of purines –adenine (A) and guanine (G) and 3 typesof pyrimidines – cytosine (C), thymine(T) and uracil (U) (Figure 8.38).Figure 8.37: Position of DNA in the cellFigure 8.38: Structure of nucleic acid component298
A characteristic feature that differentiatesDNA from RNA is that DNA containsnitrogen bases such as Adenine, guanine,thymine (5-methyl uracil) and cytosineand the RNA contains nitrogen bases suchas adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracilinstead of thymine. The nitrogen baseis covalently bonded to the sugar ribosein RNA and to deoxyribose (ribose withone oxygen removed from C 2 ) in DNA.Phosphate group is a derivative of (PO 43-)phosphoric acid, and forms phosphodiesterlinkages with sugar molecule (Figure 8.39).8.7.1 Formation of Dinucleotide andPolynucleotideTwo nucleotides join to formdinucleotide that are linked through 3′-5′phosphodiester linkage by condensationbetween phosphate groups of one withsugar of other. This is repeated manytimes to make polynucleotide.NucleosideIt is a combination ofbase and sugar.ExamplesAdenosine = Adenine+ RiboseGuanosine = Guanine+ RiboseCytidine = Cytosine+ RiboseDeoxythymidine= Thymine +DeoxyriboseNucleotideIt is a combinationof nucleoside andphosphoric acid.ExamplesAdenylic acid =Adenosine +Phosphoric acidGuanylic acid =Guanosine +Phosphoric acidCytidylic acid =Cytidine +Phosphoric acidUridylic acid =Uridine +Phosphoric acidFigure 8.39: Basic component of DNAand RNA8.7.2 Structure of DNAWatson and Crick shared the Nobel Prizein 1962 for their discovery, along withMaurice Wilkins, who had produced thecrystallographic data supporting the model.Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958) had earlierproduced the first clear crystallographicevidence for a helical structure. JamesWatson and Francis Crick (Figure 8.40) ofCavendish laboratory in Cambridge builta scale model of double helical structure ofDNA which is the most prevalent form ofDNA, the B-DNA. This is the secondarystructure of DNA.Figure 8.40: Watson and CrickAs proposed by James Watson andFrancis Crick, DNA consists of righthanded double helix with 2 helicalpolynucleotide chains that are coiledaround a common axis to form right299
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GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADUBOTANYHIGHE
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CONTENTSBOTANYUNIT I: Diversity of
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TNAU B.Sc. Agriculture, B.Sc. Horti
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Research Institutions in various ar
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Chapter1Unit I: Diversity ofLiving
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(a)Nucleus(b)to change is called Ho
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1892 Dimitry Ivanowsky proved thatv
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1.2.6 BacteriophageViruses infectin
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are similar to viroids but they are
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Table 1.4: Systems of Classificatio
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Table 1.5: Comparison of Five Kingd
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CoccusDiplococcusStaphylococcusTetr
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MesosomesThese are localized infold
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What are Magnetosomes ?Intracellula
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with the help of pili. The pilus gr
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Table 1.7: Economic importance of B
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Table 1.10: Human diseases caused b
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• The reserve food material isCya
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logos - study). P.A. Micheli is con
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TrichogyneMicroconidia(f) Sporangia
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Zygomycetes• Most of the species
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fungi, stink horns, rusts and smuts
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like Amylase, Protease, Lactase etc
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and multinucleate structures which
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Figure 1.29: V.S. of Agaricus gillb
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evenly distributed in the thallus)
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6. Differentiate Homoiomerous andHe
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Chapter2Plant KingdomLearning Objec
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2.2 Life Cycle Patterns in PlantsAl
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FlagellaChloroplastOogoniumAntherid
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Autospores (spores which look simil
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r-phycocyanin are the photosyntheti
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ReproductionOedogonium reproduces b
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cells are elongated and possesses a
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• Sexual reproduction is Oogamous
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GametophyteThe plant body of Marcha
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The sporophyte is not free-living b
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4. Development of Bulbils on the rh
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2.5 PteridophytesSeedless Vascular
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Division-PTERIDOPHYTASub divisionPs
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but it is viewed to be associated w
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microsporangium and megaspores inme
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The epidermis is the outermost laye
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1. Protostele:In protostele phloem
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a) Cycas b) Thuja c) Taxus d) Ginkg
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2.6.4 CycasClass - CycadopsidaOrder
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of the rachis is the arrangement of
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consists of 3 layers, the outer and
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(ii) Dwarf shoot or branches of lim
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Figure 2.53b Pinus Pollen Grainc) A
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parts of the extinct plants are obt
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The sporangia with spores are found
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ICT CornerDifferent forms of plants
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3.1 HabitThe general form of a plan
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I. Characteristic features• Root
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3.5.2 Modifications of rootI. Tap r
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3. Sucking or Haustorial rootsThese
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3.6.2 Types of StemMajority of angi
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CladodePhyllocladeSpineScaly leafRu
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4. TuberThis is a succulent undergr
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2. Palmately reticulate venation(mu
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AlternatePolyalthia4. Whorled (vert
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)Figure 3.16: Typ
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3. Plicate or plaited - when the le
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6. Draw and label the parts of regi
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Chapter4Reproductive MorphologyLear
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4.1.2 Based on branching pattern an
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f. Panicle: A branched raceme is ca
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Figure 4.6: (b) diagrammatic,(c) Mo
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4.2 FlowerIn a plant, which part wo
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Figure 4.13: (a)ActinomorphicFigure
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Figure 4.17: (a)TrimerousFigure 4.1
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Figure 4.21: (d)CampanulateFigure 4
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4.3.7 Aestivation: Arrangement of s
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c. Gynostegium:Connation product of
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4.4.7 Anther dehiscing directionIt
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CorollaAnthophoreCalyxSaffron flowe
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4.6 Construction of floral diagrama
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Br : Bracteate.Ebr : EbracteateBrl
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Berry (Tomato)Drupe (Mango)Pepo (Cu
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is free from seed coat. Example: Cl
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FruitsSimpleAggregateMultipleEtaeri
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4.8 SeedDo all fruits contain seeds
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ICT CornerFloral diagram and floral
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laid strong foundation for the bino
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Another concept emphasises the prod
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erecto folius compositis. It means
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Regional FloraIt includes large geo
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Botanical garden contains special p
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International HerbariumS.No Herbari
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Taxonomists have assigned a methodo
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Seed plantsClass IDicotyledonaeClas
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Figure 5.8: Adolph Engler and Karl
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Monocots are classified into 11 ord
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1. Easily visible characters like s
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the form of a tree called phylogene
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based on shared apomorphic characte
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Flowers: Bracteate, bracteolate(Ses
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are dithecous, basifixed, introse a
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Economic ImportanceEconomicimportan
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5.13.2 Family: Apocynaceae (milk we
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FlowerLeafFruitCorollaSepalCalyxL.S
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Economic importance of the family A
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5.13.3 Family: Solanaceae (Potato F
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LeafStamenCorollaStamenCorollaCalyx
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Habit: A small annual herbRoot: Bra
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5.13.4 Family: Euphorbiaceae (Casto
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Botanical Description Of Ricinus co
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Economic importance of the family E
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HeliconiaceaeSystematic PositionAPG
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LeafSpatheFlowerFruitBranchedspadix
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Economic Importance of The Family M
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in species of Smilax it is reticula
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Economic importance of the family l
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State Flower of Tamil NaduGloriosa
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as karyotaxonomy. The application o
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Chapter6Unit III: Cell biology andB
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microscopic organisms therefore it
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Microscopic measurements:The micros
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Comparison of MicroscopesFeaturesSo
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These solutes may be homogeneous(so
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of nuclear material. The DNA is wit
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The first cell might have evolvedap
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In plant, cell wall shows three dis
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Figure 6.13: Transport of molecules
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The largest of the internal membran
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time faster than DNA in the nucleus
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Page 267 and 268: ICT CornerCell structureCell-The un
Page 269 and 270: 7.1 History of a CellTable 7.1: His
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Page 273 and 274: Drawbacks of Amitosis• Causes une
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Page 277 and 278: organs. It results in the formation
Page 279 and 280: Figure 7.8: MeiosisTelophase IIFour
Page 281 and 282: Summary273
Page 283 and 284: ICT CornerCell divisionHow cells ar
Page 285 and 286: 222222BiomoleculesOrganic compounds
Page 287 and 288: 8.2 Primary and SecondaryMetabolite
Page 289 and 290: 8.3.2 DisaccharidesDisaccharides ar
Page 291 and 292: 8.3.8 ChitinChitin is a homo polysa
Page 293 and 294: linoleic acid) the hydrocarbon chai
Page 295 and 296: 8.5 ProteinsProteins are the most d
Page 297 and 298: 8.5.2 Structure of ProteinProtein i
Page 299 and 300: colour develops without heating (Fi
Page 301 and 302: 8.6.3 Factors Affecting the Rate of
Page 303 and 304: allosteric inhibitors. Eg. The enzy
Page 305: LyaseLigaseEnzymesMode ofactionBrea
Page 309 and 310: Blue bands - Twosugar-phosphatechai
Page 311 and 312: Evaluation1. The most basic amino a
Page 313 and 314: ReferencesUnit 1: Diversity of Livi
Page 315 and 316: GlossaryAcetyl CoAActive siteAkinet
Page 317 and 318: English - Tamil TerminologyAcropeta
Page 319 and 320: Competitive Examination QuestionsUn
Page 321 and 322: 22. Which one of the following stat
Page 323 and 324: 18. How many plants in the list giv
Page 325 and 326: BOTANICAL NAMES AND COMMON NAMESS.N
Page 327 and 328: 64 Musa paradisiaca Banana வா
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327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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