327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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Figure 7.7: Prophase Iequator of the cell known as metaphaseplate. Each bivalent consists of twocentromeres and four chromatids.The random distribution of homologouschromosomes in a cell in Metaphase I iscalled independent assortment.Anaphase IHomologous chromosomes are separatedfrom each other. Shortening of spindlefibers takes place. Each homologouschromosomes with its two chromatidsand undivided centromere move towardsthe opposite poles of the cells. The actualreduction in the number of chromosomestakes place at this stage. Homologouschromosomes which move to the oppositepoles are either paternal or maternal inorigin. Sister chromatids remain attachedwith their centromeres.Telophase IHaploid set of chromosomes are presentat each pole. The formation of twodaughter cells, each with haploid numberof chromosomes. Nuclei are reassembled.Nuclear envelope forms around thechromosome and the chromosomesbecomes uncoiled. Nucleolus reappears.In plants, after karyokinesis cytokinesistakes place by which two daughter cells areformed by the cell plate between 2 groupsof chromosomes known as dyad of cells(haploid).The stage between the two meioticdivisions is called interkinesis which isshort-lived.Meiosis II – Equational division.This division is otherwise called mitoticmeiosis. Since it includes all the stages ofmitotic divisions.Prophase IIThe chromosome with 2 chromatidsbecomes short, condensed, thick andbecomes visible. New spindle developsat right angles to the cell axis. Nuclearmembrane and nucleolus disappear.Metaphase IIChromosome arranged at the equatorialplane of the spindle. Microtubules ofspindle gets attached to the centromere ofsister chromatids.Anaphase IISister chromatids separate. The daughterchromosomes move to the oppositepoles due to shortening of microtubules.Centromere of each chromosome split,allowing to move towards oppositepoles of the cells holding the sisterchromatids.270
Figure 7.8: MeiosisTelophase IIFour groups of chromosomes are organisedinto four haploid nuclei. The spindledisappears. Nuclear envelope, nucleolusreappear.After karyokinesis, cytokinesis followsand four haploid daughter cells are formed,called tetrads.7.3.7 Significance of Meiosis• This maintains a definite constantnumber of chromosomes in organisms.• Crossing over takes place andexchange of genetic material leadsto variations among species. Thesevariations are the raw materials toevolution. Meiosis leads to geneticvariability by partitioning differentcombinations of genes into gametesthrough independent assortment.• Adaptation of organisms to variousenvironmental stress.271
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GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADUBOTANYHIGHE
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CONTENTSBOTANYUNIT I: Diversity of
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TNAU B.Sc. Agriculture, B.Sc. Horti
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Research Institutions in various ar
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Chapter1Unit I: Diversity ofLiving
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(a)Nucleus(b)to change is called Ho
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1892 Dimitry Ivanowsky proved thatv
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1.2.6 BacteriophageViruses infectin
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are similar to viroids but they are
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Table 1.4: Systems of Classificatio
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Table 1.5: Comparison of Five Kingd
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CoccusDiplococcusStaphylococcusTetr
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MesosomesThese are localized infold
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What are Magnetosomes ?Intracellula
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with the help of pili. The pilus gr
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Table 1.7: Economic importance of B
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Table 1.10: Human diseases caused b
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• The reserve food material isCya
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logos - study). P.A. Micheli is con
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TrichogyneMicroconidia(f) Sporangia
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Zygomycetes• Most of the species
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fungi, stink horns, rusts and smuts
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like Amylase, Protease, Lactase etc
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and multinucleate structures which
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Figure 1.29: V.S. of Agaricus gillb
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evenly distributed in the thallus)
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6. Differentiate Homoiomerous andHe
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Chapter2Plant KingdomLearning Objec
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2.2 Life Cycle Patterns in PlantsAl
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FlagellaChloroplastOogoniumAntherid
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Autospores (spores which look simil
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r-phycocyanin are the photosyntheti
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ReproductionOedogonium reproduces b
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cells are elongated and possesses a
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• Sexual reproduction is Oogamous
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GametophyteThe plant body of Marcha
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The sporophyte is not free-living b
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4. Development of Bulbils on the rh
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2.5 PteridophytesSeedless Vascular
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Division-PTERIDOPHYTASub divisionPs
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but it is viewed to be associated w
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microsporangium and megaspores inme
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The epidermis is the outermost laye
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1. Protostele:In protostele phloem
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a) Cycas b) Thuja c) Taxus d) Ginkg
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2.6.4 CycasClass - CycadopsidaOrder
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of the rachis is the arrangement of
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consists of 3 layers, the outer and
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(ii) Dwarf shoot or branches of lim
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Figure 2.53b Pinus Pollen Grainc) A
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parts of the extinct plants are obt
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The sporangia with spores are found
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ICT CornerDifferent forms of plants
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3.1 HabitThe general form of a plan
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I. Characteristic features• Root
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3.5.2 Modifications of rootI. Tap r
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3. Sucking or Haustorial rootsThese
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3.6.2 Types of StemMajority of angi
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CladodePhyllocladeSpineScaly leafRu
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4. TuberThis is a succulent undergr
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2. Palmately reticulate venation(mu
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AlternatePolyalthia4. Whorled (vert
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)Figure 3.16: Typ
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3. Plicate or plaited - when the le
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6. Draw and label the parts of regi
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Chapter4Reproductive MorphologyLear
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4.1.2 Based on branching pattern an
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f. Panicle: A branched raceme is ca
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Figure 4.6: (b) diagrammatic,(c) Mo
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4.2 FlowerIn a plant, which part wo
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Figure 4.13: (a)ActinomorphicFigure
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Figure 4.17: (a)TrimerousFigure 4.1
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Figure 4.21: (d)CampanulateFigure 4
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4.3.7 Aestivation: Arrangement of s
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c. Gynostegium:Connation product of
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4.4.7 Anther dehiscing directionIt
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CorollaAnthophoreCalyxSaffron flowe
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4.6 Construction of floral diagrama
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Br : Bracteate.Ebr : EbracteateBrl
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Berry (Tomato)Drupe (Mango)Pepo (Cu
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is free from seed coat. Example: Cl
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FruitsSimpleAggregateMultipleEtaeri
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4.8 SeedDo all fruits contain seeds
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ICT CornerFloral diagram and floral
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laid strong foundation for the bino
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Another concept emphasises the prod
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erecto folius compositis. It means
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Regional FloraIt includes large geo
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Botanical garden contains special p
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International HerbariumS.No Herbari
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Taxonomists have assigned a methodo
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Seed plantsClass IDicotyledonaeClas
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Figure 5.8: Adolph Engler and Karl
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Monocots are classified into 11 ord
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1. Easily visible characters like s
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the form of a tree called phylogene
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based on shared apomorphic characte
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Flowers: Bracteate, bracteolate(Ses
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are dithecous, basifixed, introse a
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Economic ImportanceEconomicimportan
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5.13.2 Family: Apocynaceae (milk we
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FlowerLeafFruitCorollaSepalCalyxL.S
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Economic importance of the family A
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5.13.3 Family: Solanaceae (Potato F
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LeafStamenCorollaStamenCorollaCalyx
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Habit: A small annual herbRoot: Bra
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5.13.4 Family: Euphorbiaceae (Casto
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Botanical Description Of Ricinus co
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Economic importance of the family E
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HeliconiaceaeSystematic PositionAPG
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LeafSpatheFlowerFruitBranchedspadix
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Economic Importance of The Family M
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in species of Smilax it is reticula
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Page 229 and 230: State Flower of Tamil NaduGloriosa
Page 231 and 232: as karyotaxonomy. The application o
Page 233 and 234: Chapter6Unit III: Cell biology andB
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Page 237 and 238: Microscopic measurements:The micros
Page 239 and 240: Comparison of MicroscopesFeaturesSo
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Page 243 and 244: of nuclear material. The DNA is wit
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Page 247 and 248: In plant, cell wall shows three dis
Page 249 and 250: Figure 6.13: Transport of molecules
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Page 253 and 254: time faster than DNA in the nucleus
Page 255 and 256: Ribosome consists of RNA andprotein
Page 257 and 258: v. Tannins in Mimosa pudica.vi. Rap
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Page 261 and 262: chromosome forms the chromosomal ax
Page 263 and 264: c. Smears: Here the specimen is in
Page 265 and 266: organisms are classified into proka
Page 267 and 268: ICT CornerCell structureCell-The un
Page 269 and 270: 7.1 History of a CellTable 7.1: His
Page 271 and 272: Figure 7.1: Cell cyclethe cell cycl
Page 273 and 274: Drawbacks of Amitosis• Causes une
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Page 277: organs. It results in the formation
Page 281 and 282: Summary273
Page 283 and 284: ICT CornerCell divisionHow cells ar
Page 285 and 286: 222222BiomoleculesOrganic compounds
Page 287 and 288: 8.2 Primary and SecondaryMetabolite
Page 289 and 290: 8.3.2 DisaccharidesDisaccharides ar
Page 291 and 292: 8.3.8 ChitinChitin is a homo polysa
Page 293 and 294: linoleic acid) the hydrocarbon chai
Page 295 and 296: 8.5 ProteinsProteins are the most d
Page 297 and 298: 8.5.2 Structure of ProteinProtein i
Page 299 and 300: colour develops without heating (Fi
Page 301 and 302: 8.6.3 Factors Affecting the Rate of
Page 303 and 304: allosteric inhibitors. Eg. The enzy
Page 305 and 306: LyaseLigaseEnzymesMode ofactionBrea
Page 307 and 308: A characteristic feature that diffe
Page 309 and 310: Blue bands - Twosugar-phosphatechai
Page 311 and 312: Evaluation1. The most basic amino a
Page 313 and 314: ReferencesUnit 1: Diversity of Livi
Page 315 and 316: GlossaryAcetyl CoAActive siteAkinet
Page 317 and 318: English - Tamil TerminologyAcropeta
Page 319 and 320: Competitive Examination QuestionsUn
Page 321 and 322: 22. Which one of the following stat
Page 323 and 324: 18. How many plants in the list giv
Page 325 and 326: BOTANICAL NAMES AND COMMON NAMESS.N
Page 327 and 328: 64 Musa paradisiaca Banana வா
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327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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