327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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Rain brings joy and life to variousorganisms on earth. Have you noticedsome changes in and around you after therain? Could you identify the reason for theslippery nature of the terrace and greenpatches on the wall of our home, greencolour of puddles and ponds? Why shouldwe clean our water tanks very often? Thereason is algae. Algae are simple plants thatlack true roots, true stems and true leaves.Two-third of our earth’s surface is coveredby oceans and seas. The photosyntheticplants called algae are present here. Morethan half of the total primary productivityof the world depends on this plant group.Further, other aquatic organisms alsodepend upon them for their existence.M.O.Parthasarathy (1886-1963)‘Father of Indian Phycology’.He conducted research on structure,cytology, reproduction and taxonomyof Algae. He published a Monographon Volvocales. New algal forms likeFritschiella, Ecballocystopsis, Charasiphonand Cylindrocapsopsis. were reported byhim.Algae are autotrophs, and grow in awide range of habitats. Majority of themare aquatic, marine (Gracilaria, andSargassum) and freshwater (Oedogonium,and Ulothrix) and also found in soils(Fritschiella, and Vaucheria). Chlorellalead an endozoic life in hydra and spongeswhereas Cladophora crispata grow onthe shells of molluscs. Algae are adaptedto thrive in harsh environment too.Dunaliella salina grows in salt pans(Halophytic alga). Algae growing insnow are called Cryophytic algae.Chlamydomonas nivalis grow in snowcovered mountains and impart red colourto the snow (Red snow). A few algae growon the surface of aquatic plants and arecalled epiphytic algae (Coleochaete, andRhodymenia). The study of algae is calledalgology or phycology. Some of theeminent algologists include F.E. Fritsch,F.E. Round, R.E. Lee, M.O.ParthasarathyIyengar, M.S. Randhawa, Y. Bharadwaja,V.S. Sundaralingam and T.V.Desikachary.2.3.1 General Characteristic featuresThe algae show a great diversity in size,shape and structure. A wide range ofthallus organisation is found in algae.Unicellular motile (Chlamydomonas),unicellular non-motile (Chlorella),Colonial motile (Volvox), Colonialnon motile (Hydrodictyon), siphonous(Vaucheria), unbranched filamentous(Spirogyra), branched filamentous(Cladophora), discoid (Coleochaete)heterotrichous (Fritschiella), Foliaceous(Ulva) to Giant Kelps (Laminaria andMacrocystis). The thallus organization inalgae is given in Figure 2.3.Algae are Eukaryotes except blue greenalgae. The plant body does not showdifferentiation into tissue systems. Thecell wall of algae is made up of celluloseand hemicellulose. Siliceous walls arepresent in diatoms. In Chara the thallusis encrusted with calcium carbonate.Some algae possess algin, polysulphateesters of polysaccharides which are the50
FlagellaChloroplastOogoniumAntheridiumNucleusPyrenoidCentral Vacuolea) Chlorellab) Chlamydomonasc) VaucheriaCap cellSetaHold faste) Coleochaeteg) Ulvaf) Fritschiellad) OedogoniumAir vesicleAir bladderLateral branchStipeHold fasth) Fucusi) SargassumFigure 2.3: Thallus organization in Algae51
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GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADUBOTANYHIGHE
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CONTENTSBOTANYUNIT I: Diversity of
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TNAU B.Sc. Agriculture, B.Sc. Horti
Page 7 and 8: Research Institutions in various ar
Page 9 and 10: Chapter1Unit I: Diversity ofLiving
Page 11 and 12: (a)Nucleus(b)to change is called Ho
Page 13 and 14: 1892 Dimitry Ivanowsky proved thatv
Page 15 and 16: 1.2.6 BacteriophageViruses infectin
Page 17 and 18: are similar to viroids but they are
Page 19 and 20: Table 1.4: Systems of Classificatio
Page 21 and 22: Table 1.5: Comparison of Five Kingd
Page 23 and 24: CoccusDiplococcusStaphylococcusTetr
Page 25 and 26: MesosomesThese are localized infold
Page 27 and 28: What are Magnetosomes ?Intracellula
Page 29 and 30: with the help of pili. The pilus gr
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.7: Economic importance of B
Page 33 and 34: Table 1.10: Human diseases caused b
Page 35 and 36: • The reserve food material isCya
Page 37 and 38: logos - study). P.A. Micheli is con
Page 39 and 40: TrichogyneMicroconidia(f) Sporangia
Page 41 and 42: Zygomycetes• Most of the species
Page 43 and 44: fungi, stink horns, rusts and smuts
Page 45 and 46: like Amylase, Protease, Lactase etc
Page 47 and 48: and multinucleate structures which
Page 49 and 50: Figure 1.29: V.S. of Agaricus gillb
Page 51 and 52: evenly distributed in the thallus)
Page 53 and 54: 6. Differentiate Homoiomerous andHe
Page 55 and 56: Chapter2Plant KingdomLearning Objec
Page 57: 2.2 Life Cycle Patterns in PlantsAl
Page 61 and 62: Autospores (spores which look simil
Page 63 and 64: r-phycocyanin are the photosyntheti
Page 65 and 66: ReproductionOedogonium reproduces b
Page 67 and 68: cells are elongated and possesses a
Page 69 and 70: • Sexual reproduction is Oogamous
Page 71 and 72: GametophyteThe plant body of Marcha
Page 73 and 74: The sporophyte is not free-living b
Page 75 and 76: 4. Development of Bulbils on the rh
Page 77 and 78: 2.5 PteridophytesSeedless Vascular
Page 79 and 80: Division-PTERIDOPHYTASub divisionPs
Page 81 and 82: but it is viewed to be associated w
Page 83 and 84: microsporangium and megaspores inme
Page 85 and 86: The epidermis is the outermost laye
Page 87 and 88: 1. Protostele:In protostele phloem
Page 89 and 90: a) Cycas b) Thuja c) Taxus d) Ginkg
Page 91 and 92: 2.6.4 CycasClass - CycadopsidaOrder
Page 93 and 94: of the rachis is the arrangement of
Page 95 and 96: consists of 3 layers, the outer and
Page 97 and 98: (ii) Dwarf shoot or branches of lim
Page 99 and 100: Figure 2.53b Pinus Pollen Grainc) A
Page 101 and 102: parts of the extinct plants are obt
Page 103 and 104: The sporangia with spores are found
Page 105 and 106: ICT CornerDifferent forms of plants
Page 107 and 108: 3.1 HabitThe general form of a plan
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I. Characteristic features• Root
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3.5.2 Modifications of rootI. Tap r
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3. Sucking or Haustorial rootsThese
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3.6.2 Types of StemMajority of angi
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CladodePhyllocladeSpineScaly leafRu
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4. TuberThis is a succulent undergr
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2. Palmately reticulate venation(mu
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AlternatePolyalthia4. Whorled (vert
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)Figure 3.16: Typ
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3. Plicate or plaited - when the le
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6. Draw and label the parts of regi
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Chapter4Reproductive MorphologyLear
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4.1.2 Based on branching pattern an
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f. Panicle: A branched raceme is ca
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Figure 4.6: (b) diagrammatic,(c) Mo
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4.2 FlowerIn a plant, which part wo
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Figure 4.13: (a)ActinomorphicFigure
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Figure 4.17: (a)TrimerousFigure 4.1
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Figure 4.21: (d)CampanulateFigure 4
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4.3.7 Aestivation: Arrangement of s
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c. Gynostegium:Connation product of
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4.4.7 Anther dehiscing directionIt
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CorollaAnthophoreCalyxSaffron flowe
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4.6 Construction of floral diagrama
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Br : Bracteate.Ebr : EbracteateBrl
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Berry (Tomato)Drupe (Mango)Pepo (Cu
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is free from seed coat. Example: Cl
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FruitsSimpleAggregateMultipleEtaeri
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4.8 SeedDo all fruits contain seeds
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ICT CornerFloral diagram and floral
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laid strong foundation for the bino
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Another concept emphasises the prod
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erecto folius compositis. It means
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Regional FloraIt includes large geo
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Botanical garden contains special p
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International HerbariumS.No Herbari
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Taxonomists have assigned a methodo
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Seed plantsClass IDicotyledonaeClas
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Figure 5.8: Adolph Engler and Karl
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Monocots are classified into 11 ord
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1. Easily visible characters like s
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the form of a tree called phylogene
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based on shared apomorphic characte
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Flowers: Bracteate, bracteolate(Ses
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are dithecous, basifixed, introse a
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Economic ImportanceEconomicimportan
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5.13.2 Family: Apocynaceae (milk we
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FlowerLeafFruitCorollaSepalCalyxL.S
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Economic importance of the family A
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5.13.3 Family: Solanaceae (Potato F
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LeafStamenCorollaStamenCorollaCalyx
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Habit: A small annual herbRoot: Bra
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5.13.4 Family: Euphorbiaceae (Casto
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Botanical Description Of Ricinus co
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Economic importance of the family E
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HeliconiaceaeSystematic PositionAPG
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LeafSpatheFlowerFruitBranchedspadix
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Economic Importance of The Family M
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in species of Smilax it is reticula
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Economic importance of the family l
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State Flower of Tamil NaduGloriosa
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as karyotaxonomy. The application o
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Chapter6Unit III: Cell biology andB
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microscopic organisms therefore it
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Microscopic measurements:The micros
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Comparison of MicroscopesFeaturesSo
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These solutes may be homogeneous(so
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of nuclear material. The DNA is wit
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The first cell might have evolvedap
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In plant, cell wall shows three dis
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Figure 6.13: Transport of molecules
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The largest of the internal membran
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time faster than DNA in the nucleus
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Ribosome consists of RNA andprotein
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v. Tannins in Mimosa pudica.vi. Rap
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secondary constrictions are called
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chromosome forms the chromosomal ax
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c. Smears: Here the specimen is in
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organisms are classified into proka
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ICT CornerCell structureCell-The un
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7.1 History of a CellTable 7.1: His
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Figure 7.1: Cell cyclethe cell cycl
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Drawbacks of Amitosis• Causes une
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the key regulatory proteins at the
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organs. It results in the formation
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Figure 7.8: MeiosisTelophase IIFour
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Summary273
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ICT CornerCell divisionHow cells ar
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222222BiomoleculesOrganic compounds
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8.2 Primary and SecondaryMetabolite
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8.3.2 DisaccharidesDisaccharides ar
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8.3.8 ChitinChitin is a homo polysa
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linoleic acid) the hydrocarbon chai
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8.5 ProteinsProteins are the most d
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8.5.2 Structure of ProteinProtein i
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colour develops without heating (Fi
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8.6.3 Factors Affecting the Rate of
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allosteric inhibitors. Eg. The enzy
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LyaseLigaseEnzymesMode ofactionBrea
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A characteristic feature that diffe
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Blue bands - Twosugar-phosphatechai
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Evaluation1. The most basic amino a
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ReferencesUnit 1: Diversity of Livi
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GlossaryAcetyl CoAActive siteAkinet
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English - Tamil TerminologyAcropeta
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Competitive Examination QuestionsUn
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22. Which one of the following stat
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18. How many plants in the list giv
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BOTANICAL NAMES AND COMMON NAMESS.N
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64 Musa paradisiaca Banana வா
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327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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