327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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into a tube, salver or funnel shaped; twistedor rarely valvate, often hairy within orcontain some corona like out growths atthe mouth of the corolla tube.Androecium: Stamens 5 , alternipetalous,often epipetalous, apostemonous tomonadelphous, In Asclepiadoids thestamens are connate to the styles to form agynostegium, pollen grains of each theca ofan anther are fused into a waxy mass calledpollinium. The right pollinium of each antherattached to the left pollinium of the adjacentanther by a hair like translator, translator arms(retinacula) attached together with the glandlike structure called corpusculum. Anthersare dithecous, basifixed, often sagitate, introse;dehisce longitudinally, anthers basally awned;sometimes bear hairy appendages over thelobes (Nerium).Gynoecium: Bicarpellary, carpels apicallyunited, superior, or rarely half inferior(Plumeria) 1 to 2 locule with 2 to many ovulesin each locule on marginal placentation. Styleone and simple, stigma is characteristicallythickened, massive and bilobed. Anectariferous disc is often present aroundor at the base of the gynoecium, (Thevetia,Catharanthus, Allamanda and Rauvolfia).Fruit: The fruit is variable and can be aberry (Landolphia), drupe (Cerbera) follicle(Asclepias), capsule (Allamanda).Seed: Seeds are endospermous often withcrown of hairs.Botanical description of CatharanthusroseusHabit: Erect ever blooming ornamentalplant with milky latex.Root: Branched tap root systemStem: Aerial, erect, cylindrical reddishgreen, glabrous and branched.Leaves: Usually simple, oppositedecussate, exstipulate, subsessile,or petiolate, elliptic – ovate, entire,mucronate, unicostate reticulate venation.Inflorescence: cymose, axillary pairs.Flower: Ebracteate, Ebracteolate,subsessile, complete, bisexual,heterochlamydeous, actinomorphic,hypogynous, pentamerous, rosy purple,white or pink.Calyx: Sepals 5, slightly synsepalous,green showing valvate aestivation.Corolla: Petals 5, sympetalous, throatof corolla tube hairy forming a corona,twisted (hypocrateriform).Androecium: Stamens 5,apostemanous, epipetalous, inserted at themouth of the corolla tube, filaments short,anthers sagittate, dithecous, dorsifixed,introse.Gynoecium: Bicarpellary, apocarpous,ovaries superior, unilocular, ovules many,placentation marginal, style simple, stigmahour-glass shaped. Two scaly nectaries arepresent one on the anterior and anotheron the posterior side of the ovary.Fruit: A pair of elongated follicles.Floral Formula: Ebr.,Ebrl., , ,K (5),C (5),A 5,G (2)194
FlowerLeafFruitCorollaSepalCalyxL.S. of the flowerHabitCorollaEpipetalousstamensStigmaStyleOvaryGynoeciumFlower entireStigma(hour - glass shaped)StyleOvaryScaly nectaryCalyxScalynectaryOvuleApocarpousovaryA pair ofelongatedfolliclesC.S. of the ovary Fruit Seed Floral diagramFloral formulaEbr.,Ebrl., , ,K (5),C (5),A 5,G 2Figure 5.16: Catharanthus roseusFigure 5.51 Catharanthus roseus195
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GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADUBOTANYHIGHE
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CONTENTSBOTANYUNIT I: Diversity of
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TNAU B.Sc. Agriculture, B.Sc. Horti
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Research Institutions in various ar
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Chapter1Unit I: Diversity ofLiving
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(a)Nucleus(b)to change is called Ho
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1892 Dimitry Ivanowsky proved thatv
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1.2.6 BacteriophageViruses infectin
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are similar to viroids but they are
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Table 1.4: Systems of Classificatio
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Table 1.5: Comparison of Five Kingd
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CoccusDiplococcusStaphylococcusTetr
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MesosomesThese are localized infold
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What are Magnetosomes ?Intracellula
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with the help of pili. The pilus gr
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Table 1.7: Economic importance of B
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Table 1.10: Human diseases caused b
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• The reserve food material isCya
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logos - study). P.A. Micheli is con
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TrichogyneMicroconidia(f) Sporangia
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Zygomycetes• Most of the species
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fungi, stink horns, rusts and smuts
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like Amylase, Protease, Lactase etc
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and multinucleate structures which
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Figure 1.29: V.S. of Agaricus gillb
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evenly distributed in the thallus)
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6. Differentiate Homoiomerous andHe
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Chapter2Plant KingdomLearning Objec
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2.2 Life Cycle Patterns in PlantsAl
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FlagellaChloroplastOogoniumAntherid
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Autospores (spores which look simil
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r-phycocyanin are the photosyntheti
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ReproductionOedogonium reproduces b
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cells are elongated and possesses a
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• Sexual reproduction is Oogamous
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GametophyteThe plant body of Marcha
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The sporophyte is not free-living b
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4. Development of Bulbils on the rh
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2.5 PteridophytesSeedless Vascular
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Division-PTERIDOPHYTASub divisionPs
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but it is viewed to be associated w
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microsporangium and megaspores inme
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The epidermis is the outermost laye
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1. Protostele:In protostele phloem
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a) Cycas b) Thuja c) Taxus d) Ginkg
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2.6.4 CycasClass - CycadopsidaOrder
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of the rachis is the arrangement of
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consists of 3 layers, the outer and
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(ii) Dwarf shoot or branches of lim
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Figure 2.53b Pinus Pollen Grainc) A
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parts of the extinct plants are obt
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The sporangia with spores are found
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ICT CornerDifferent forms of plants
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3.1 HabitThe general form of a plan
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I. Characteristic features• Root
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3.5.2 Modifications of rootI. Tap r
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3. Sucking or Haustorial rootsThese
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3.6.2 Types of StemMajority of angi
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CladodePhyllocladeSpineScaly leafRu
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4. TuberThis is a succulent undergr
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2. Palmately reticulate venation(mu
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AlternatePolyalthia4. Whorled (vert
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)Figure 3.16: Typ
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3. Plicate or plaited - when the le
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6. Draw and label the parts of regi
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Chapter4Reproductive MorphologyLear
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4.1.2 Based on branching pattern an
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f. Panicle: A branched raceme is ca
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Figure 4.6: (b) diagrammatic,(c) Mo
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4.2 FlowerIn a plant, which part wo
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Figure 4.13: (a)ActinomorphicFigure
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Figure 4.17: (a)TrimerousFigure 4.1
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Figure 4.21: (d)CampanulateFigure 4
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4.3.7 Aestivation: Arrangement of s
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c. Gynostegium:Connation product of
Page 151 and 152: 4.4.7 Anther dehiscing directionIt
Page 153 and 154: CorollaAnthophoreCalyxSaffron flowe
Page 155 and 156: 4.6 Construction of floral diagrama
Page 157 and 158: Br : Bracteate.Ebr : EbracteateBrl
Page 159 and 160: Berry (Tomato)Drupe (Mango)Pepo (Cu
Page 161 and 162: is free from seed coat. Example: Cl
Page 163 and 164: FruitsSimpleAggregateMultipleEtaeri
Page 165 and 166: 4.8 SeedDo all fruits contain seeds
Page 167 and 168: ICT CornerFloral diagram and floral
Page 169 and 170: laid strong foundation for the bino
Page 171 and 172: Another concept emphasises the prod
Page 173 and 174: erecto folius compositis. It means
Page 175 and 176: Regional FloraIt includes large geo
Page 177 and 178: Botanical garden contains special p
Page 179 and 180: International HerbariumS.No Herbari
Page 181 and 182: Taxonomists have assigned a methodo
Page 183 and 184: Seed plantsClass IDicotyledonaeClas
Page 185 and 186: Figure 5.8: Adolph Engler and Karl
Page 187 and 188: Monocots are classified into 11 ord
Page 189 and 190: 1. Easily visible characters like s
Page 191 and 192: the form of a tree called phylogene
Page 193 and 194: based on shared apomorphic characte
Page 195 and 196: Flowers: Bracteate, bracteolate(Ses
Page 197 and 198: are dithecous, basifixed, introse a
Page 199 and 200: Economic ImportanceEconomicimportan
Page 201: 5.13.2 Family: Apocynaceae (milk we
Page 205 and 206: Economic importance of the family A
Page 207 and 208: 5.13.3 Family: Solanaceae (Potato F
Page 209 and 210: LeafStamenCorollaStamenCorollaCalyx
Page 211 and 212: Habit: A small annual herbRoot: Bra
Page 213 and 214: 5.13.4 Family: Euphorbiaceae (Casto
Page 215 and 216: Botanical Description Of Ricinus co
Page 217 and 218: Economic importance of the family E
Page 219 and 220: HeliconiaceaeSystematic PositionAPG
Page 221 and 222: LeafSpatheFlowerFruitBranchedspadix
Page 223 and 224: Economic Importance of The Family M
Page 225 and 226: in species of Smilax it is reticula
Page 227 and 228: Economic importance of the family l
Page 229 and 230: State Flower of Tamil NaduGloriosa
Page 231 and 232: as karyotaxonomy. The application o
Page 233 and 234: Chapter6Unit III: Cell biology andB
Page 235 and 236: microscopic organisms therefore it
Page 237 and 238: Microscopic measurements:The micros
Page 239 and 240: Comparison of MicroscopesFeaturesSo
Page 241 and 242: These solutes may be homogeneous(so
Page 243 and 244: of nuclear material. The DNA is wit
Page 245 and 246: The first cell might have evolvedap
Page 247 and 248: In plant, cell wall shows three dis
Page 249 and 250: Figure 6.13: Transport of molecules
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time faster than DNA in the nucleus
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Ribosome consists of RNA andprotein
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v. Tannins in Mimosa pudica.vi. Rap
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secondary constrictions are called
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chromosome forms the chromosomal ax
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c. Smears: Here the specimen is in
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organisms are classified into proka
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ICT CornerCell structureCell-The un
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7.1 History of a CellTable 7.1: His
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Figure 7.1: Cell cyclethe cell cycl
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Drawbacks of Amitosis• Causes une
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the key regulatory proteins at the
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organs. It results in the formation
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Figure 7.8: MeiosisTelophase IIFour
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Summary273
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ICT CornerCell divisionHow cells ar
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222222BiomoleculesOrganic compounds
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8.2 Primary and SecondaryMetabolite
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8.3.2 DisaccharidesDisaccharides ar
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8.3.8 ChitinChitin is a homo polysa
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linoleic acid) the hydrocarbon chai
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8.5 ProteinsProteins are the most d
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8.5.2 Structure of ProteinProtein i
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colour develops without heating (Fi
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8.6.3 Factors Affecting the Rate of
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allosteric inhibitors. Eg. The enzy
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LyaseLigaseEnzymesMode ofactionBrea
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A characteristic feature that diffe
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Blue bands - Twosugar-phosphatechai
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Evaluation1. The most basic amino a
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ReferencesUnit 1: Diversity of Livi
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GlossaryAcetyl CoAActive siteAkinet
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English - Tamil TerminologyAcropeta
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Competitive Examination QuestionsUn
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22. Which one of the following stat
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18. How many plants in the list giv
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BOTANICAL NAMES AND COMMON NAMESS.N
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64 Musa paradisiaca Banana வா
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327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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