327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Edible Parts of FruitType of Fruit Common Name Botanical Name Edible PartBerry Tomato Lycopersicon Whole fruitesculentumBrinjalSolanumTender fruitmelongenaGuava Psidium guajava Whole fruitDate Phoenix dactylifera PericarpDrupe Mango Mangifera indica MesocarpCoconut Cocos nucifera Endosperm (both cellularand liquid)Pepo Cucumber Cucumis sativus Whole fruitHesperidium Citrus (Orange, Citrus sinensis Juicy hairs on the endocarpLemon)Pome Apple Pyrus malus Thalamus (false fruit) and apart of pericarpBalausta Pomegranate Punica granatum Succulent testa of the seedsLegume Pea Pisum sativum SeedSiliqua Mustard Brassica campestris Seedvar.Poricidal PoppyPapaverSeedscapsulesomniferumLoculicidal Lady’s finger Abelmoschus Tender fruitcapsuleesculentusCypsela Sunflower Helianthus annuus Seed (for oil)Caryopsis Maize Zea maize SeedPaddy Oryza sativa SeedNut Cashew nut AnacardiumoccidentalePedicel (false fruit) andcotyledons (true fruit)Cremocarp Coriander Coriandrum MericarpssativumLomentum Touch-me-not Mimosa pudica SeedAggregate fruit Custard apple Annona squamosa PericarpsCompositefruitsSorosis Jack fruit Artocarpus Perianth, seedsheterophyllusPine apple Ananas comosus Perianth, rachisMulberry Morus alba Whole fruitSyconus Fig Ficus carica Whole inflorescence156
4.8 SeedDo all fruits contain seeds? No, triploidfruits do not. The seed is a fertilizedmature ovule which possess an embryonicplant, usually stores food material andhas a protective coat. After fertilization,changes occur in various parts of the ovuleand transforms into a seed.4.8.1 Types of SeedDo seeds germinate as soon as they aredispersedI. Based on the number of cotyledonspresent two types of seeds are recognized.i. Dicotyledonous seed: Seed withtwo cotyledons.ii. Monocotyledonous seed: Seed withone cotyledon.II. Based on the presence or absenceof the endosperm the seed is of two types.i. Albuminous or Endospermousseed: The cotyledons are thin,membranous and mature seeds haveendosperm persistent and nourishes theseedling during its early development.Example: Castor, sunflower, maize.ii. Ex-albuminous or nonendospermousseed: Food is utilized bythe developing embryo and so the matureseeds are without endosperm. In suchseeds, colyledons store food and becomethick and fleshy. Example: Pea, Groundnut.4.8.2 Significance of Seeds:v The seed encloses and protects theembryo for next generation.v It contains food for the development ofembryo.v It is a means for the dispersal of newindividuals of the species.v A seed is a means for perpetuation ofthe species. It may lie dormant duringunfavorable conditions but germinateson getting suitable conditions.v Seeds of various plants are used asfood, both for animals and men.v They are the basis of agriculture.v Seeds are the products of sexualreproduction so they provide geneticvariations and recombination in a plant.ActivityPrepare a diet chart to providebalanced diet to an adolescent(a school going child) which includesfood items (fruits, vegetable andseeds) which are non - expensive andare commonly available.SummaryInflorescence is a group of flowers presenton a common stalk. Inflorescence may beclassified into 3 types based on position.Inflorescence classified into racemose,cymose, mixed and special type based onthe flower arrangement and branching ofaxis. Flower is a modified shoot and meantfor sexual reproduction. Flower has variousparts to enhance reproduction. Flowercan be explained by its sex, symmetry andarrangement of whorls, merosity. Calyx isoutermost whorl of flower and many types.Corolla is second whorl of flower and usedfor pollination. Corolla may be united orfree and has various forms in differentflowers. Aestivation is arrangement ofsepals, petals in bud condition and is ofmany types. Androecium is the male partof flower and made up of stamens. Stamenscontain filament,anther and connective.157
Page 1 and 2:
GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADUBOTANYHIGHE
Page 3 and 4:
CONTENTSBOTANYUNIT I: Diversity of
Page 5 and 6:
TNAU B.Sc. Agriculture, B.Sc. Horti
Page 7 and 8:
Research Institutions in various ar
Page 9 and 10:
Chapter1Unit I: Diversity ofLiving
Page 11 and 12:
(a)Nucleus(b)to change is called Ho
Page 13 and 14:
1892 Dimitry Ivanowsky proved thatv
Page 15 and 16:
1.2.6 BacteriophageViruses infectin
Page 17 and 18:
are similar to viroids but they are
Page 19 and 20:
Table 1.4: Systems of Classificatio
Page 21 and 22:
Table 1.5: Comparison of Five Kingd
Page 23 and 24:
CoccusDiplococcusStaphylococcusTetr
Page 25 and 26:
MesosomesThese are localized infold
Page 27 and 28:
What are Magnetosomes ?Intracellula
Page 29 and 30:
with the help of pili. The pilus gr
Page 31 and 32:
Table 1.7: Economic importance of B
Page 33 and 34:
Table 1.10: Human diseases caused b
Page 35 and 36:
• The reserve food material isCya
Page 37 and 38:
logos - study). P.A. Micheli is con
Page 39 and 40:
TrichogyneMicroconidia(f) Sporangia
Page 41 and 42:
Zygomycetes• Most of the species
Page 43 and 44:
fungi, stink horns, rusts and smuts
Page 45 and 46:
like Amylase, Protease, Lactase etc
Page 47 and 48:
and multinucleate structures which
Page 49 and 50:
Figure 1.29: V.S. of Agaricus gillb
Page 51 and 52:
evenly distributed in the thallus)
Page 53 and 54:
6. Differentiate Homoiomerous andHe
Page 55 and 56:
Chapter2Plant KingdomLearning Objec
Page 57 and 58:
2.2 Life Cycle Patterns in PlantsAl
Page 59 and 60:
FlagellaChloroplastOogoniumAntherid
Page 61 and 62:
Autospores (spores which look simil
Page 63 and 64:
r-phycocyanin are the photosyntheti
Page 65 and 66:
ReproductionOedogonium reproduces b
Page 67 and 68:
cells are elongated and possesses a
Page 69 and 70:
• Sexual reproduction is Oogamous
Page 71 and 72:
GametophyteThe plant body of Marcha
Page 73 and 74:
The sporophyte is not free-living b
Page 75 and 76:
4. Development of Bulbils on the rh
Page 77 and 78:
2.5 PteridophytesSeedless Vascular
Page 79 and 80:
Division-PTERIDOPHYTASub divisionPs
Page 81 and 82:
but it is viewed to be associated w
Page 83 and 84:
microsporangium and megaspores inme
Page 85 and 86:
The epidermis is the outermost laye
Page 87 and 88:
1. Protostele:In protostele phloem
Page 89 and 90:
a) Cycas b) Thuja c) Taxus d) Ginkg
Page 91 and 92:
2.6.4 CycasClass - CycadopsidaOrder
Page 93 and 94:
of the rachis is the arrangement of
Page 95 and 96:
consists of 3 layers, the outer and
Page 97 and 98:
(ii) Dwarf shoot or branches of lim
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 2.53b Pinus Pollen Grainc) A
Page 101 and 102:
parts of the extinct plants are obt
Page 103 and 104:
The sporangia with spores are found
Page 105 and 106:
ICT CornerDifferent forms of plants
Page 107 and 108:
3.1 HabitThe general form of a plan
Page 109 and 110:
I. Characteristic features• Root
Page 111 and 112:
3.5.2 Modifications of rootI. Tap r
Page 113 and 114: 3. Sucking or Haustorial rootsThese
Page 115 and 116: 3.6.2 Types of StemMajority of angi
Page 117 and 118: CladodePhyllocladeSpineScaly leafRu
Page 119 and 120: 4. TuberThis is a succulent undergr
Page 121 and 122: 2. Palmately reticulate venation(mu
Page 123 and 124: AlternatePolyalthia4. Whorled (vert
Page 125 and 126: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)Figure 3.16: Typ
Page 127 and 128: 3. Plicate or plaited - when the le
Page 129 and 130: 6. Draw and label the parts of regi
Page 131 and 132: Chapter4Reproductive MorphologyLear
Page 133 and 134: 4.1.2 Based on branching pattern an
Page 135 and 136: f. Panicle: A branched raceme is ca
Page 137 and 138: Figure 4.6: (b) diagrammatic,(c) Mo
Page 139 and 140: 4.2 FlowerIn a plant, which part wo
Page 141 and 142: Figure 4.13: (a)ActinomorphicFigure
Page 143 and 144: Figure 4.17: (a)TrimerousFigure 4.1
Page 145 and 146: Figure 4.21: (d)CampanulateFigure 4
Page 147 and 148: 4.3.7 Aestivation: Arrangement of s
Page 149 and 150: c. Gynostegium:Connation product of
Page 151 and 152: 4.4.7 Anther dehiscing directionIt
Page 153 and 154: CorollaAnthophoreCalyxSaffron flowe
Page 155 and 156: 4.6 Construction of floral diagrama
Page 157 and 158: Br : Bracteate.Ebr : EbracteateBrl
Page 159 and 160: Berry (Tomato)Drupe (Mango)Pepo (Cu
Page 161 and 162: is free from seed coat. Example: Cl
Page 163: FruitsSimpleAggregateMultipleEtaeri
Page 167 and 168: ICT CornerFloral diagram and floral
Page 169 and 170: laid strong foundation for the bino
Page 171 and 172: Another concept emphasises the prod
Page 173 and 174: erecto folius compositis. It means
Page 175 and 176: Regional FloraIt includes large geo
Page 177 and 178: Botanical garden contains special p
Page 179 and 180: International HerbariumS.No Herbari
Page 181 and 182: Taxonomists have assigned a methodo
Page 183 and 184: Seed plantsClass IDicotyledonaeClas
Page 185 and 186: Figure 5.8: Adolph Engler and Karl
Page 187 and 188: Monocots are classified into 11 ord
Page 189 and 190: 1. Easily visible characters like s
Page 191 and 192: the form of a tree called phylogene
Page 193 and 194: based on shared apomorphic characte
Page 195 and 196: Flowers: Bracteate, bracteolate(Ses
Page 197 and 198: are dithecous, basifixed, introse a
Page 199 and 200: Economic ImportanceEconomicimportan
Page 201 and 202: 5.13.2 Family: Apocynaceae (milk we
Page 203 and 204: FlowerLeafFruitCorollaSepalCalyxL.S
Page 205 and 206: Economic importance of the family A
Page 207 and 208: 5.13.3 Family: Solanaceae (Potato F
Page 209 and 210: LeafStamenCorollaStamenCorollaCalyx
Page 211 and 212: Habit: A small annual herbRoot: Bra
Page 213 and 214: 5.13.4 Family: Euphorbiaceae (Casto
Page 215 and 216:
Botanical Description Of Ricinus co
Page 217 and 218:
Economic importance of the family E
Page 219 and 220:
HeliconiaceaeSystematic PositionAPG
Page 221 and 222:
LeafSpatheFlowerFruitBranchedspadix
Page 223 and 224:
Economic Importance of The Family M
Page 225 and 226:
in species of Smilax it is reticula
Page 227 and 228:
Economic importance of the family l
Page 229 and 230:
State Flower of Tamil NaduGloriosa
Page 231 and 232:
as karyotaxonomy. The application o
Page 233 and 234:
Chapter6Unit III: Cell biology andB
Page 235 and 236:
microscopic organisms therefore it
Page 237 and 238:
Microscopic measurements:The micros
Page 239 and 240:
Comparison of MicroscopesFeaturesSo
Page 241 and 242:
These solutes may be homogeneous(so
Page 243 and 244:
of nuclear material. The DNA is wit
Page 245 and 246:
The first cell might have evolvedap
Page 247 and 248:
In plant, cell wall shows three dis
Page 249 and 250:
Figure 6.13: Transport of molecules
Page 251 and 252:
The largest of the internal membran
Page 253 and 254:
time faster than DNA in the nucleus
Page 255 and 256:
Ribosome consists of RNA andprotein
Page 257 and 258:
v. Tannins in Mimosa pudica.vi. Rap
Page 259 and 260:
secondary constrictions are called
Page 261 and 262:
chromosome forms the chromosomal ax
Page 263 and 264:
c. Smears: Here the specimen is in
Page 265 and 266:
organisms are classified into proka
Page 267 and 268:
ICT CornerCell structureCell-The un
Page 269 and 270:
7.1 History of a CellTable 7.1: His
Page 271 and 272:
Figure 7.1: Cell cyclethe cell cycl
Page 273 and 274:
Drawbacks of Amitosis• Causes une
Page 275 and 276:
the key regulatory proteins at the
Page 277 and 278:
organs. It results in the formation
Page 279 and 280:
Figure 7.8: MeiosisTelophase IIFour
Page 281 and 282:
Summary273
Page 283 and 284:
ICT CornerCell divisionHow cells ar
Page 285 and 286:
222222BiomoleculesOrganic compounds
Page 287 and 288:
8.2 Primary and SecondaryMetabolite
Page 289 and 290:
8.3.2 DisaccharidesDisaccharides ar
Page 291 and 292:
8.3.8 ChitinChitin is a homo polysa
Page 293 and 294:
linoleic acid) the hydrocarbon chai
Page 295 and 296:
8.5 ProteinsProteins are the most d
Page 297 and 298:
8.5.2 Structure of ProteinProtein i
Page 299 and 300:
colour develops without heating (Fi
Page 301 and 302:
8.6.3 Factors Affecting the Rate of
Page 303 and 304:
allosteric inhibitors. Eg. The enzy
Page 305 and 306:
LyaseLigaseEnzymesMode ofactionBrea
Page 307 and 308:
A characteristic feature that diffe
Page 309 and 310:
Blue bands - Twosugar-phosphatechai
Page 311 and 312:
Evaluation1. The most basic amino a
Page 313 and 314:
ReferencesUnit 1: Diversity of Livi
Page 315 and 316:
GlossaryAcetyl CoAActive siteAkinet
Page 317 and 318:
English - Tamil TerminologyAcropeta
Page 319 and 320:
Competitive Examination QuestionsUn
Page 321 and 322:
22. Which one of the following stat
Page 323 and 324:
18. How many plants in the list giv
Page 325 and 326:
BOTANICAL NAMES AND COMMON NAMESS.N
Page 327 and 328:
64 Musa paradisiaca Banana வா
show all

327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?