327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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1.4 BacteriaBacteria Friends or Foes?Have you noticed the preparation of curdin our home? A little drop of curd turnsthe milk into curd after some time. What isresponsible for this change? Why it Sours?The change is brought by Lactobacilluslactis, a bacterium present in the curd.The sourness is due to the formation ofLactic acid. Have you been a victim ofTyphoid? It is a bacterial disease causedby Salmonella typhi, a bacterium. So wecan consider this prokaryotic organism asfriend and foe, due to their beneficial andharmful activities.1.4.1 Milestones in Bacteriology1829 C.G. Ehrenberg coined the termBacterium1884 Christian Gram introducedGram staining method1923 David H. Bergy published Firstedition of Bergey’s Manual1928 Fredrick Griffith discoveredBacterial transformation1952 Joshua Lederberg discovered ofPlasmidBacteria are prokaryotic, unicellular, ubiquitous,microscopic organisms. The studyof Bacteria is called Bacteriology. Bacteriawere first discovered by a Dutch scientist,Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 and werecalled “animalcules”.1.4.2 General characteristic features ofBacteriaRobert Koch (1843–1910)Robert Heinrich Hermann Kochwas a German physician andmicrobiologist. He is considered asthe founder of modern bacteriology.He identified the causal organism forAnthrax, Cholera and Tuberculosis.The experimental evidence for theconcept of infection was proved by him(Koch’s postulates). He was awardedNobel prize in Medicine/Physiologyin the year 1905.• They are Prokaryotic organisms andlack nuclear membrane and membranebound organelles.• The Genetic material is called nucleoidor genophore or incipient nucleus• The cell wall is made up ofPolysaccharides and proteins• Most of them lack chlorophyll, hencethey are heterotrophic (Vibrio cholerae)but some are autotrophic and possessBacteriochlorophyll (Chromatium)• They reproduce vegetatively by Binaryfission and endospore formation.• They exhibit variations which are due togenetic recombination and is achievedthrough conjugation, transformationand transduction.The shape and flagellation of the bacteriavaries and is given in Figure 1.814
CoccusDiplococcusStaphylococcusTetracoccusMonotrichousLophotrichousSarcinaStreptococcusAmphitrichousBacillusDiplobacillusPeritrichousVibrioSpirillumAtrichous1.4.3 Ultrastructure of a Bacterial cellFigure 1.8: Shape and flagellation in bacteriaThe bacterial cell reveals three layers (i) Capsule/Glycocalyx (ii) Cell wall and(iii) Cytoplasm (Figure 1.9)CapsuleCell wallPlasma membraneFigure 1.9: Ultrastructure of a bacterial cell15MesosomeCytoplasmNucleoid (DNA)FlagellumPlasmidInclusionPolyribosomePilus
Page 1 and 2: GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADUBOTANYHIGHE
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTSBOTANYUNIT I: Diversity of
Page 5 and 6: TNAU B.Sc. Agriculture, B.Sc. Horti
Page 7 and 8: Research Institutions in various ar
Page 9 and 10: Chapter1Unit I: Diversity ofLiving
Page 11 and 12: (a)Nucleus(b)to change is called Ho
Page 13 and 14: 1892 Dimitry Ivanowsky proved thatv
Page 15 and 16: 1.2.6 BacteriophageViruses infectin
Page 17 and 18: are similar to viroids but they are
Page 19 and 20: Table 1.4: Systems of Classificatio
Page 21: Table 1.5: Comparison of Five Kingd
Page 25 and 26: MesosomesThese are localized infold
Page 27 and 28: What are Magnetosomes ?Intracellula
Page 29 and 30: with the help of pili. The pilus gr
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.7: Economic importance of B
Page 33 and 34: Table 1.10: Human diseases caused b
Page 35 and 36: • The reserve food material isCya
Page 37 and 38: logos - study). P.A. Micheli is con
Page 39 and 40: TrichogyneMicroconidia(f) Sporangia
Page 41 and 42: Zygomycetes• Most of the species
Page 43 and 44: fungi, stink horns, rusts and smuts
Page 45 and 46: like Amylase, Protease, Lactase etc
Page 47 and 48: and multinucleate structures which
Page 49 and 50: Figure 1.29: V.S. of Agaricus gillb
Page 51 and 52: evenly distributed in the thallus)
Page 53 and 54: 6. Differentiate Homoiomerous andHe
Page 55 and 56: Chapter2Plant KingdomLearning Objec
Page 57 and 58: 2.2 Life Cycle Patterns in PlantsAl
Page 59 and 60: FlagellaChloroplastOogoniumAntherid
Page 61 and 62: Autospores (spores which look simil
Page 63 and 64: r-phycocyanin are the photosyntheti
Page 65 and 66: ReproductionOedogonium reproduces b
Page 67 and 68: cells are elongated and possesses a
Page 69 and 70: • Sexual reproduction is Oogamous
Page 71 and 72: GametophyteThe plant body of Marcha
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The sporophyte is not free-living b
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4. Development of Bulbils on the rh
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2.5 PteridophytesSeedless Vascular
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Division-PTERIDOPHYTASub divisionPs
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but it is viewed to be associated w
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microsporangium and megaspores inme
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The epidermis is the outermost laye
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1. Protostele:In protostele phloem
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a) Cycas b) Thuja c) Taxus d) Ginkg
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2.6.4 CycasClass - CycadopsidaOrder
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of the rachis is the arrangement of
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consists of 3 layers, the outer and
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(ii) Dwarf shoot or branches of lim
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Figure 2.53b Pinus Pollen Grainc) A
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parts of the extinct plants are obt
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The sporangia with spores are found
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ICT CornerDifferent forms of plants
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3.1 HabitThe general form of a plan
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I. Characteristic features• Root
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3.5.2 Modifications of rootI. Tap r
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3. Sucking or Haustorial rootsThese
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3.6.2 Types of StemMajority of angi
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CladodePhyllocladeSpineScaly leafRu
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4. TuberThis is a succulent undergr
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2. Palmately reticulate venation(mu
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AlternatePolyalthia4. Whorled (vert
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)Figure 3.16: Typ
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3. Plicate or plaited - when the le
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6. Draw and label the parts of regi
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Chapter4Reproductive MorphologyLear
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4.1.2 Based on branching pattern an
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f. Panicle: A branched raceme is ca
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Figure 4.6: (b) diagrammatic,(c) Mo
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4.2 FlowerIn a plant, which part wo
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Figure 4.13: (a)ActinomorphicFigure
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Figure 4.17: (a)TrimerousFigure 4.1
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Figure 4.21: (d)CampanulateFigure 4
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4.3.7 Aestivation: Arrangement of s
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c. Gynostegium:Connation product of
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4.4.7 Anther dehiscing directionIt
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CorollaAnthophoreCalyxSaffron flowe
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4.6 Construction of floral diagrama
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Br : Bracteate.Ebr : EbracteateBrl
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Berry (Tomato)Drupe (Mango)Pepo (Cu
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is free from seed coat. Example: Cl
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FruitsSimpleAggregateMultipleEtaeri
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4.8 SeedDo all fruits contain seeds
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ICT CornerFloral diagram and floral
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laid strong foundation for the bino
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Another concept emphasises the prod
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erecto folius compositis. It means
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Regional FloraIt includes large geo
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Botanical garden contains special p
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International HerbariumS.No Herbari
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Taxonomists have assigned a methodo
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Seed plantsClass IDicotyledonaeClas
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Figure 5.8: Adolph Engler and Karl
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Monocots are classified into 11 ord
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1. Easily visible characters like s
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the form of a tree called phylogene
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based on shared apomorphic characte
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Flowers: Bracteate, bracteolate(Ses
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are dithecous, basifixed, introse a
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Economic ImportanceEconomicimportan
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5.13.2 Family: Apocynaceae (milk we
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FlowerLeafFruitCorollaSepalCalyxL.S
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Economic importance of the family A
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5.13.3 Family: Solanaceae (Potato F
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LeafStamenCorollaStamenCorollaCalyx
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Habit: A small annual herbRoot: Bra
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5.13.4 Family: Euphorbiaceae (Casto
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Botanical Description Of Ricinus co
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Economic importance of the family E
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HeliconiaceaeSystematic PositionAPG
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LeafSpatheFlowerFruitBranchedspadix
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Economic Importance of The Family M
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in species of Smilax it is reticula
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Economic importance of the family l
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State Flower of Tamil NaduGloriosa
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as karyotaxonomy. The application o
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Chapter6Unit III: Cell biology andB
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microscopic organisms therefore it
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Microscopic measurements:The micros
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Comparison of MicroscopesFeaturesSo
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These solutes may be homogeneous(so
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of nuclear material. The DNA is wit
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The first cell might have evolvedap
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In plant, cell wall shows three dis
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Figure 6.13: Transport of molecules
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The largest of the internal membran
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time faster than DNA in the nucleus
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Ribosome consists of RNA andprotein
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v. Tannins in Mimosa pudica.vi. Rap
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secondary constrictions are called
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chromosome forms the chromosomal ax
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c. Smears: Here the specimen is in
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organisms are classified into proka
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ICT CornerCell structureCell-The un
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7.1 History of a CellTable 7.1: His
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Figure 7.1: Cell cyclethe cell cycl
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Drawbacks of Amitosis• Causes une
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the key regulatory proteins at the
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organs. It results in the formation
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Figure 7.8: MeiosisTelophase IIFour
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Summary273
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ICT CornerCell divisionHow cells ar
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222222BiomoleculesOrganic compounds
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8.2 Primary and SecondaryMetabolite
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8.3.2 DisaccharidesDisaccharides ar
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8.3.8 ChitinChitin is a homo polysa
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linoleic acid) the hydrocarbon chai
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8.5 ProteinsProteins are the most d
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8.5.2 Structure of ProteinProtein i
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colour develops without heating (Fi
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8.6.3 Factors Affecting the Rate of
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allosteric inhibitors. Eg. The enzy
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LyaseLigaseEnzymesMode ofactionBrea
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A characteristic feature that diffe
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Blue bands - Twosugar-phosphatechai
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Evaluation1. The most basic amino a
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ReferencesUnit 1: Diversity of Livi
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GlossaryAcetyl CoAActive siteAkinet
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English - Tamil TerminologyAcropeta
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Competitive Examination QuestionsUn
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22. Which one of the following stat
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18. How many plants in the list giv
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BOTANICAL NAMES AND COMMON NAMESS.N
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64 Musa paradisiaca Banana வா
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327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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