327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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30%70%30%Chemical70%WaterWater is a tiny polar molecule andcan readily pass through membranes.Two electronegative atoms of oxygenshare a hydrogen bonds of two watermolecule. Thus, they can stick togetherby cohesion and results in latticeformation (Figure 8.4).(15%)Proteins(4%) Smallmolecules(6%) RNA(2%) Phospholipids(1%) DNA(2%) PolysacharidesFigure 8.2: Percentage of biomoleculesin cellHOHCovalent Bond8.1 WaterWater is the most abundant componentin living organisms. Life on earth isinevitably linked to water. Water makesup 70% of human cell and upto 95% ofmass of a plant cell (Figure 8.2).Masaru Emoto discoveredthat crystalsformed in frozen waterreveal changes whenspecific, concentratedthoughts aredirected towardthem. This crystalstructure showsjoy mood Figure 8.38.1.1 Chemistry of WaterFigure 8.4: Water molecule8.1.2 Properties of Water• Adhesion and cohesion property• High latent heat of vaporisation• High melting and boiling point• Universal solvent• Specific heat capacityFigure 8.5: Synthesis of metabolitesduring growth278
8.2 Primary and SecondaryMetabolitesMost plants, fungi and other microbessynthesizes a number of organiccompounds. These components are calledas metabolites which are intermediatesand products of metabolism. The termmetabolite is usually restricted to smallmolecules. It can be catergorized intotwo types namely primary and secondarymetabolites based on their role inmetabolic process (Figure 8.5).Primary metabolites are those that arerequired for the basic metabolic processeslike photosynthesis, respiration, proteinand lipid metabolism of living organisms.Secondary metabolites does notshow any direct function in growth anddevelopment of organisms.MetabolitesEnzymesAmino acidOrganic acidVitaminsPigmentsAlkaloidsEssential oilToxinsLectinsDrugsPolymericsubstancesPrimaryExamplesProtease, lipase,peroxidaseProline, leucineAcetic acid, lactic acidA, B, CSecondaryCarotenoids,anthocyaninsMorphine, codeineLemon grass oil, rose oilAbrin, ricinConcanavalin AVinblastin, curcuminRubber, gums, cellulosesomniferum).It is used as apain reliever inpatients withsevere pain levelsand coughsuppressant.8.2.1 Organic MoleculesMorphine is the firstalkaloid to be found. Itcomes from the plantOpium poppy (PapaverOrganic molecules may be small andsimple. These simple molecules assembleand form large and complex moleculescalled macromolecules. These includefour main classes – carbohydrates,lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.All macromolecules except lipids areformed by the process of polymerisation,a process in which repeating subunitstermed monomers are bound into chainsof different lengths. These chains ofmonomers are called polymers.8.3 CarbohydratesCarbohydrates are organic compoundsmade of carbon and water. Thus onemolecule of water combines with a carbonatom to form CH 2 O and is repeatedseveral (n) times to form (CH 2 O) n wheren is an integer ranging from 3–7. Theseare also called as saccharides. Thecommon term sugar refers to a simplecarbohydrate such as a monosaccharideor disaccharide that tastes sweet aresoluble in water (Figure 8.7).279
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GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADUBOTANYHIGHE
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CONTENTSBOTANYUNIT I: Diversity of
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TNAU B.Sc. Agriculture, B.Sc. Horti
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Research Institutions in various ar
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Chapter1Unit I: Diversity ofLiving
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(a)Nucleus(b)to change is called Ho
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1892 Dimitry Ivanowsky proved thatv
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1.2.6 BacteriophageViruses infectin
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are similar to viroids but they are
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Table 1.4: Systems of Classificatio
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Table 1.5: Comparison of Five Kingd
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CoccusDiplococcusStaphylococcusTetr
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MesosomesThese are localized infold
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What are Magnetosomes ?Intracellula
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with the help of pili. The pilus gr
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Table 1.7: Economic importance of B
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Table 1.10: Human diseases caused b
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• The reserve food material isCya
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logos - study). P.A. Micheli is con
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TrichogyneMicroconidia(f) Sporangia
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Zygomycetes• Most of the species
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fungi, stink horns, rusts and smuts
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like Amylase, Protease, Lactase etc
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and multinucleate structures which
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Figure 1.29: V.S. of Agaricus gillb
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evenly distributed in the thallus)
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6. Differentiate Homoiomerous andHe
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Chapter2Plant KingdomLearning Objec
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2.2 Life Cycle Patterns in PlantsAl
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FlagellaChloroplastOogoniumAntherid
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Autospores (spores which look simil
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r-phycocyanin are the photosyntheti
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ReproductionOedogonium reproduces b
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cells are elongated and possesses a
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• Sexual reproduction is Oogamous
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GametophyteThe plant body of Marcha
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The sporophyte is not free-living b
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4. Development of Bulbils on the rh
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2.5 PteridophytesSeedless Vascular
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Division-PTERIDOPHYTASub divisionPs
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but it is viewed to be associated w
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microsporangium and megaspores inme
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The epidermis is the outermost laye
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1. Protostele:In protostele phloem
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a) Cycas b) Thuja c) Taxus d) Ginkg
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2.6.4 CycasClass - CycadopsidaOrder
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of the rachis is the arrangement of
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consists of 3 layers, the outer and
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(ii) Dwarf shoot or branches of lim
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Figure 2.53b Pinus Pollen Grainc) A
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parts of the extinct plants are obt
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The sporangia with spores are found
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ICT CornerDifferent forms of plants
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3.1 HabitThe general form of a plan
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I. Characteristic features• Root
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3.5.2 Modifications of rootI. Tap r
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3. Sucking or Haustorial rootsThese
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3.6.2 Types of StemMajority of angi
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CladodePhyllocladeSpineScaly leafRu
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4. TuberThis is a succulent undergr
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2. Palmately reticulate venation(mu
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AlternatePolyalthia4. Whorled (vert
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)Figure 3.16: Typ
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3. Plicate or plaited - when the le
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6. Draw and label the parts of regi
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Chapter4Reproductive MorphologyLear
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4.1.2 Based on branching pattern an
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f. Panicle: A branched raceme is ca
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Figure 4.6: (b) diagrammatic,(c) Mo
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4.2 FlowerIn a plant, which part wo
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Figure 4.13: (a)ActinomorphicFigure
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Figure 4.17: (a)TrimerousFigure 4.1
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Figure 4.21: (d)CampanulateFigure 4
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4.3.7 Aestivation: Arrangement of s
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c. Gynostegium:Connation product of
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4.4.7 Anther dehiscing directionIt
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CorollaAnthophoreCalyxSaffron flowe
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4.6 Construction of floral diagrama
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Br : Bracteate.Ebr : EbracteateBrl
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Berry (Tomato)Drupe (Mango)Pepo (Cu
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is free from seed coat. Example: Cl
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FruitsSimpleAggregateMultipleEtaeri
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4.8 SeedDo all fruits contain seeds
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ICT CornerFloral diagram and floral
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laid strong foundation for the bino
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Another concept emphasises the prod
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erecto folius compositis. It means
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Regional FloraIt includes large geo
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Botanical garden contains special p
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International HerbariumS.No Herbari
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Taxonomists have assigned a methodo
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Seed plantsClass IDicotyledonaeClas
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Figure 5.8: Adolph Engler and Karl
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Monocots are classified into 11 ord
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1. Easily visible characters like s
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the form of a tree called phylogene
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based on shared apomorphic characte
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Flowers: Bracteate, bracteolate(Ses
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are dithecous, basifixed, introse a
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Economic ImportanceEconomicimportan
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5.13.2 Family: Apocynaceae (milk we
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FlowerLeafFruitCorollaSepalCalyxL.S
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Economic importance of the family A
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5.13.3 Family: Solanaceae (Potato F
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LeafStamenCorollaStamenCorollaCalyx
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Habit: A small annual herbRoot: Bra
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5.13.4 Family: Euphorbiaceae (Casto
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Botanical Description Of Ricinus co
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Economic importance of the family E
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HeliconiaceaeSystematic PositionAPG
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LeafSpatheFlowerFruitBranchedspadix
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Economic Importance of The Family M
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in species of Smilax it is reticula
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Economic importance of the family l
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State Flower of Tamil NaduGloriosa
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as karyotaxonomy. The application o
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Chapter6Unit III: Cell biology andB
Page 235 and 236: microscopic organisms therefore it
Page 237 and 238: Microscopic measurements:The micros
Page 239 and 240: Comparison of MicroscopesFeaturesSo
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Page 243 and 244: of nuclear material. The DNA is wit
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Page 247 and 248: In plant, cell wall shows three dis
Page 249 and 250: Figure 6.13: Transport of molecules
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Page 253 and 254: time faster than DNA in the nucleus
Page 255 and 256: Ribosome consists of RNA andprotein
Page 257 and 258: v. Tannins in Mimosa pudica.vi. Rap
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Page 261 and 262: chromosome forms the chromosomal ax
Page 263 and 264: c. Smears: Here the specimen is in
Page 265 and 266: organisms are classified into proka
Page 267 and 268: ICT CornerCell structureCell-The un
Page 269 and 270: 7.1 History of a CellTable 7.1: His
Page 271 and 272: Figure 7.1: Cell cyclethe cell cycl
Page 273 and 274: Drawbacks of Amitosis• Causes une
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Page 277 and 278: organs. It results in the formation
Page 279 and 280: Figure 7.8: MeiosisTelophase IIFour
Page 281 and 282: Summary273
Page 283 and 284: ICT CornerCell divisionHow cells ar
Page 285: 222222BiomoleculesOrganic compounds
Page 289 and 290: 8.3.2 DisaccharidesDisaccharides ar
Page 291 and 292: 8.3.8 ChitinChitin is a homo polysa
Page 293 and 294: linoleic acid) the hydrocarbon chai
Page 295 and 296: 8.5 ProteinsProteins are the most d
Page 297 and 298: 8.5.2 Structure of ProteinProtein i
Page 299 and 300: colour develops without heating (Fi
Page 301 and 302: 8.6.3 Factors Affecting the Rate of
Page 303 and 304: allosteric inhibitors. Eg. The enzy
Page 305 and 306: LyaseLigaseEnzymesMode ofactionBrea
Page 307 and 308: A characteristic feature that diffe
Page 309 and 310: Blue bands - Twosugar-phosphatechai
Page 311 and 312: Evaluation1. The most basic amino a
Page 313 and 314: ReferencesUnit 1: Diversity of Livi
Page 315 and 316: GlossaryAcetyl CoAActive siteAkinet
Page 317 and 318: English - Tamil TerminologyAcropeta
Page 319 and 320: Competitive Examination QuestionsUn
Page 321 and 322: 22. Which one of the following stat
Page 323 and 324: 18. How many plants in the list giv
Page 325 and 326: BOTANICAL NAMES AND COMMON NAMESS.N
Page 327 and 328: 64 Musa paradisiaca Banana வா
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327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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