327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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or infundibuliform (Petunia) usuallyalternate with sepals; rarely bilippedand zygomorphic (Schizanthus) usuallyvalvate, sometimes convolute (Datura).Androecium: Stamens 5, epipetalous,filaments usually unequal in length,stamens only 2 in Schizanthus(others 3 arereduced to staminode), 4 and didynamousin (Salpiglossis) Anthers dithecous, dehiscelongitudinally or poricidal.Gynoecium: Bicarpellary, syncarpousobliquely placed, ovary superior, bilocularbut looks tetralocular due to the formationof false septa, numerous ovules in eachlocule on axile placentation.Fruit: A capsule or berry. InLycopersicon esculentum, Capsicum, thefruit is a berry and in species of Daturaand Petunia, the fruit is a capsule.Seed: Endospermous.Botanical description of Datura metelHabit: Large, erect and stout herb.Root: Branched tap root system.Stem: Stem is hollow, green andherbaceous with strong odour.Leaf: Simple, alternate, petiolate, entireor deeply lobed, glabrous exstipulateshowing unicostate reticulate venation.Inflorescence: Solitary and axillary cyme.Flower: Flowers are large, greenishwhite, bracteate, ebracteolate, pedicellate,complete,heterochlamydeous,pentamerous, regular, actinomorphic,bisexual and hypogynous.Calyx: Sepals 5, green synsepalousshowing valvate aestivation. Calyx is mostlypersistant, odd sepal is posterior in position.Corolla: petals 5, greenish white,sympetalous, plicate (folded like a fan)showing twisted aestivation, funnelshaped with wide mouth and 10 lobed.Androecium: Stamens 5, free fromone another, epipetalous, alternipetalousand are inserted in the middle of thecorolla tube. Anthers are basifixed,dithecous, with long filament, introse andlongitudinally dehiscent.Gynoecium: Ovary bicarpellary,syncarpous superior ovary, basicallybiloculear but tetralocular due to theformation of false septum. Carpels areobliquely placed and ovules on swollenaxile placentation. Style simple long andfiliform, stigma two lobed.Fruit: Spinescent capsule opening byfour apical valves with persistent calyx.Seed: Endospermous.Floral Formula: Dt0.Gdtn0.""".""".M *7+.E *7+.C 7.I *4+Solanum trilobatumWithania somniferaAtropa belladonnaSchizanthus pinnatusFigure 5.19: Selected plants belongs tothe Family Solanace200
LeafStamenCorollaStamenCorollaCalyxCalyxHabitFlower entireCorollaStigmaSepalAntherEpipetalousstamensStyleOvaryC.S. of OvaryOvuleSwollenplacentaCalyxCorolla cut openGynoeciumSpinyoutgrowthPersistentcalyxValveSeedSpinyoutgrowthPersistentcalyxFruit: SpinescentcapsuleFruit - AfterdehiscenceFloral formulaBr.,Ebrl., , ,K (5),C (5),A 5,G (2)Floral DiagramFigure 5.20: Datura metel201
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GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADUBOTANYHIGHE
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CONTENTSBOTANYUNIT I: Diversity of
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TNAU B.Sc. Agriculture, B.Sc. Horti
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Research Institutions in various ar
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Chapter1Unit I: Diversity ofLiving
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(a)Nucleus(b)to change is called Ho
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1892 Dimitry Ivanowsky proved thatv
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1.2.6 BacteriophageViruses infectin
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are similar to viroids but they are
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Table 1.4: Systems of Classificatio
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Table 1.5: Comparison of Five Kingd
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CoccusDiplococcusStaphylococcusTetr
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MesosomesThese are localized infold
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What are Magnetosomes ?Intracellula
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with the help of pili. The pilus gr
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Table 1.7: Economic importance of B
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Table 1.10: Human diseases caused b
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• The reserve food material isCya
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logos - study). P.A. Micheli is con
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TrichogyneMicroconidia(f) Sporangia
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Zygomycetes• Most of the species
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fungi, stink horns, rusts and smuts
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like Amylase, Protease, Lactase etc
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and multinucleate structures which
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Figure 1.29: V.S. of Agaricus gillb
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evenly distributed in the thallus)
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6. Differentiate Homoiomerous andHe
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Chapter2Plant KingdomLearning Objec
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2.2 Life Cycle Patterns in PlantsAl
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FlagellaChloroplastOogoniumAntherid
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Autospores (spores which look simil
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r-phycocyanin are the photosyntheti
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ReproductionOedogonium reproduces b
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cells are elongated and possesses a
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• Sexual reproduction is Oogamous
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GametophyteThe plant body of Marcha
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The sporophyte is not free-living b
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4. Development of Bulbils on the rh
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2.5 PteridophytesSeedless Vascular
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Division-PTERIDOPHYTASub divisionPs
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but it is viewed to be associated w
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microsporangium and megaspores inme
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The epidermis is the outermost laye
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1. Protostele:In protostele phloem
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a) Cycas b) Thuja c) Taxus d) Ginkg
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2.6.4 CycasClass - CycadopsidaOrder
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of the rachis is the arrangement of
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consists of 3 layers, the outer and
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(ii) Dwarf shoot or branches of lim
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Figure 2.53b Pinus Pollen Grainc) A
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parts of the extinct plants are obt
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The sporangia with spores are found
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ICT CornerDifferent forms of plants
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3.1 HabitThe general form of a plan
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I. Characteristic features• Root
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3.5.2 Modifications of rootI. Tap r
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3. Sucking or Haustorial rootsThese
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3.6.2 Types of StemMajority of angi
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CladodePhyllocladeSpineScaly leafRu
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4. TuberThis is a succulent undergr
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2. Palmately reticulate venation(mu
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AlternatePolyalthia4. Whorled (vert
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)Figure 3.16: Typ
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3. Plicate or plaited - when the le
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6. Draw and label the parts of regi
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Chapter4Reproductive MorphologyLear
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4.1.2 Based on branching pattern an
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f. Panicle: A branched raceme is ca
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Figure 4.6: (b) diagrammatic,(c) Mo
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4.2 FlowerIn a plant, which part wo
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Figure 4.13: (a)ActinomorphicFigure
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Figure 4.17: (a)TrimerousFigure 4.1
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Figure 4.21: (d)CampanulateFigure 4
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4.3.7 Aestivation: Arrangement of s
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c. Gynostegium:Connation product of
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4.4.7 Anther dehiscing directionIt
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CorollaAnthophoreCalyxSaffron flowe
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4.6 Construction of floral diagrama
Page 157 and 158: Br : Bracteate.Ebr : EbracteateBrl
Page 159 and 160: Berry (Tomato)Drupe (Mango)Pepo (Cu
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Page 163 and 164: FruitsSimpleAggregateMultipleEtaeri
Page 165 and 166: 4.8 SeedDo all fruits contain seeds
Page 167 and 168: ICT CornerFloral diagram and floral
Page 169 and 170: laid strong foundation for the bino
Page 171 and 172: Another concept emphasises the prod
Page 173 and 174: erecto folius compositis. It means
Page 175 and 176: Regional FloraIt includes large geo
Page 177 and 178: Botanical garden contains special p
Page 179 and 180: International HerbariumS.No Herbari
Page 181 and 182: Taxonomists have assigned a methodo
Page 183 and 184: Seed plantsClass IDicotyledonaeClas
Page 185 and 186: Figure 5.8: Adolph Engler and Karl
Page 187 and 188: Monocots are classified into 11 ord
Page 189 and 190: 1. Easily visible characters like s
Page 191 and 192: the form of a tree called phylogene
Page 193 and 194: based on shared apomorphic characte
Page 195 and 196: Flowers: Bracteate, bracteolate(Ses
Page 197 and 198: are dithecous, basifixed, introse a
Page 199 and 200: Economic ImportanceEconomicimportan
Page 201 and 202: 5.13.2 Family: Apocynaceae (milk we
Page 203 and 204: FlowerLeafFruitCorollaSepalCalyxL.S
Page 205 and 206: Economic importance of the family A
Page 207: 5.13.3 Family: Solanaceae (Potato F
Page 211 and 212: Habit: A small annual herbRoot: Bra
Page 213 and 214: 5.13.4 Family: Euphorbiaceae (Casto
Page 215 and 216: Botanical Description Of Ricinus co
Page 217 and 218: Economic importance of the family E
Page 219 and 220: HeliconiaceaeSystematic PositionAPG
Page 221 and 222: LeafSpatheFlowerFruitBranchedspadix
Page 223 and 224: Economic Importance of The Family M
Page 225 and 226: in species of Smilax it is reticula
Page 227 and 228: Economic importance of the family l
Page 229 and 230: State Flower of Tamil NaduGloriosa
Page 231 and 232: as karyotaxonomy. The application o
Page 233 and 234: Chapter6Unit III: Cell biology andB
Page 235 and 236: microscopic organisms therefore it
Page 237 and 238: Microscopic measurements:The micros
Page 239 and 240: Comparison of MicroscopesFeaturesSo
Page 241 and 242: These solutes may be homogeneous(so
Page 243 and 244: of nuclear material. The DNA is wit
Page 245 and 246: The first cell might have evolvedap
Page 247 and 248: In plant, cell wall shows three dis
Page 249 and 250: Figure 6.13: Transport of molecules
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Page 255 and 256: Ribosome consists of RNA andprotein
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secondary constrictions are called
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chromosome forms the chromosomal ax
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c. Smears: Here the specimen is in
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organisms are classified into proka
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ICT CornerCell structureCell-The un
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7.1 History of a CellTable 7.1: His
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Figure 7.1: Cell cyclethe cell cycl
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Drawbacks of Amitosis• Causes une
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the key regulatory proteins at the
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organs. It results in the formation
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Figure 7.8: MeiosisTelophase IIFour
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Summary273
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ICT CornerCell divisionHow cells ar
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222222BiomoleculesOrganic compounds
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8.2 Primary and SecondaryMetabolite
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8.3.2 DisaccharidesDisaccharides ar
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8.3.8 ChitinChitin is a homo polysa
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linoleic acid) the hydrocarbon chai
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8.5 ProteinsProteins are the most d
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8.5.2 Structure of ProteinProtein i
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colour develops without heating (Fi
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8.6.3 Factors Affecting the Rate of
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allosteric inhibitors. Eg. The enzy
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LyaseLigaseEnzymesMode ofactionBrea
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A characteristic feature that diffe
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Blue bands - Twosugar-phosphatechai
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Evaluation1. The most basic amino a
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ReferencesUnit 1: Diversity of Livi
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GlossaryAcetyl CoAActive siteAkinet
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English - Tamil TerminologyAcropeta
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Competitive Examination QuestionsUn
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22. Which one of the following stat
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18. How many plants in the list giv
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BOTANICAL NAMES AND COMMON NAMESS.N
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64 Musa paradisiaca Banana வா
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327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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