327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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ICT CornerBacteriaLet’s explore the structureand shapes of Bacteria.Steps• Scan the QR code or go to google play store and type bacteria interactiveeducational VR 3D• Download the app and install it• Follow the above steps and explore the interactives of each part and its functions.Activity• Select structure tap and note the internal structure of bacteria• Click cell wall and note the difference between different shapesStep 2 Step 3Step 1 Step 4Step 5URL:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.rendernet.bacteria&hl=en* Pictures are indicative only46
Chapter2Plant KingdomLearning ObjectivesThe learner will be able to,• Outline the classification of plants• Illustrate the life cycles in plants• Recognize the general characteristicfeatures and reproduction of Algae• Describe the structure, reproductionof Oedogonium and Chara• Recognize the general characteristicfeatures of Bryophytes• Describe the structure, reproductionof Marchantia and Funaria• Recognize the general characteristicfeatures of Pteridophytes• Describe the structure, reproductionof Selaginella and Adiantum• Describe the general characteristicfeatures of Gymnosperms• Explain the structure, reproductionof Cycas and Pinus• Recognize the salient features ofAngiospermsChapter Outline2.1 Classification of Plants2.2 Life Cycle patterns in Plants2.3 Algae2.4 Bryophytes2.5 Pteridophytes2.6 Gymnosperms2.7 AngiospermsTraditionally organisms existing on theearth were classified into plants and animalsbased on nutrition, locomotion andpresence or absence of cell wall. Bacteria,Fungi, Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes,Gymnosperms andAngiosperms wereincluded underplant group.Recently, with theaid of molecularcharacteristics theBacteria and Fungiwere segregatedand placed under separate kingdoms.Botany is one of the oldest science in theworld because its origin was from timeimmemorial as early men explored andidentified plants for the needs of food,clothing, medicine, shelter etc., Plants areunique living entities as they are endowedwith the power to harvest the light energyfrom the sun and to convert it to chemicalenergy in the form of food through theastounding reaction, photosynthesis. Theynot only supply nutrients to all living thingson earth but sequester carbon-di-oxideduring photosynthesis thus minimizing theeffect of one of the major green house gasesthat increase the global temperature. Plantsare diverse in nature, ranging frommicroscopic algae to macroscopic highlydeveloped angiosperms. There are mysteriesand wonders in the plant world in terms of47
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GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADUBOTANYHIGHE
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTSBOTANYUNIT I: Diversity of
Page 5 and 6: TNAU B.Sc. Agriculture, B.Sc. Horti
Page 7 and 8: Research Institutions in various ar
Page 9 and 10: Chapter1Unit I: Diversity ofLiving
Page 11 and 12: (a)Nucleus(b)to change is called Ho
Page 13 and 14: 1892 Dimitry Ivanowsky proved thatv
Page 15 and 16: 1.2.6 BacteriophageViruses infectin
Page 17 and 18: are similar to viroids but they are
Page 19 and 20: Table 1.4: Systems of Classificatio
Page 21 and 22: Table 1.5: Comparison of Five Kingd
Page 23 and 24: CoccusDiplococcusStaphylococcusTetr
Page 25 and 26: MesosomesThese are localized infold
Page 27 and 28: What are Magnetosomes ?Intracellula
Page 29 and 30: with the help of pili. The pilus gr
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.7: Economic importance of B
Page 33 and 34: Table 1.10: Human diseases caused b
Page 35 and 36: • The reserve food material isCya
Page 37 and 38: logos - study). P.A. Micheli is con
Page 39 and 40: TrichogyneMicroconidia(f) Sporangia
Page 41 and 42: Zygomycetes• Most of the species
Page 43 and 44: fungi, stink horns, rusts and smuts
Page 45 and 46: like Amylase, Protease, Lactase etc
Page 47 and 48: and multinucleate structures which
Page 49 and 50: Figure 1.29: V.S. of Agaricus gillb
Page 51 and 52: evenly distributed in the thallus)
Page 53: 6. Differentiate Homoiomerous andHe
Page 57 and 58: 2.2 Life Cycle Patterns in PlantsAl
Page 59 and 60: FlagellaChloroplastOogoniumAntherid
Page 61 and 62: Autospores (spores which look simil
Page 63 and 64: r-phycocyanin are the photosyntheti
Page 65 and 66: ReproductionOedogonium reproduces b
Page 67 and 68: cells are elongated and possesses a
Page 69 and 70: • Sexual reproduction is Oogamous
Page 71 and 72: GametophyteThe plant body of Marcha
Page 73 and 74: The sporophyte is not free-living b
Page 75 and 76: 4. Development of Bulbils on the rh
Page 77 and 78: 2.5 PteridophytesSeedless Vascular
Page 79 and 80: Division-PTERIDOPHYTASub divisionPs
Page 81 and 82: but it is viewed to be associated w
Page 83 and 84: microsporangium and megaspores inme
Page 85 and 86: The epidermis is the outermost laye
Page 87 and 88: 1. Protostele:In protostele phloem
Page 89 and 90: a) Cycas b) Thuja c) Taxus d) Ginkg
Page 91 and 92: 2.6.4 CycasClass - CycadopsidaOrder
Page 93 and 94: of the rachis is the arrangement of
Page 95 and 96: consists of 3 layers, the outer and
Page 97 and 98: (ii) Dwarf shoot or branches of lim
Page 99 and 100: Figure 2.53b Pinus Pollen Grainc) A
Page 101 and 102: parts of the extinct plants are obt
Page 103 and 104: The sporangia with spores are found
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ICT CornerDifferent forms of plants
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3.1 HabitThe general form of a plan
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I. Characteristic features• Root
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3.5.2 Modifications of rootI. Tap r
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3. Sucking or Haustorial rootsThese
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3.6.2 Types of StemMajority of angi
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CladodePhyllocladeSpineScaly leafRu
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4. TuberThis is a succulent undergr
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2. Palmately reticulate venation(mu
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AlternatePolyalthia4. Whorled (vert
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)Figure 3.16: Typ
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3. Plicate or plaited - when the le
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6. Draw and label the parts of regi
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Chapter4Reproductive MorphologyLear
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4.1.2 Based on branching pattern an
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f. Panicle: A branched raceme is ca
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Figure 4.6: (b) diagrammatic,(c) Mo
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4.2 FlowerIn a plant, which part wo
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Figure 4.13: (a)ActinomorphicFigure
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Figure 4.17: (a)TrimerousFigure 4.1
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Figure 4.21: (d)CampanulateFigure 4
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4.3.7 Aestivation: Arrangement of s
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c. Gynostegium:Connation product of
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4.4.7 Anther dehiscing directionIt
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CorollaAnthophoreCalyxSaffron flowe
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4.6 Construction of floral diagrama
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Br : Bracteate.Ebr : EbracteateBrl
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Berry (Tomato)Drupe (Mango)Pepo (Cu
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is free from seed coat. Example: Cl
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FruitsSimpleAggregateMultipleEtaeri
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4.8 SeedDo all fruits contain seeds
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ICT CornerFloral diagram and floral
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laid strong foundation for the bino
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Another concept emphasises the prod
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erecto folius compositis. It means
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Regional FloraIt includes large geo
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Botanical garden contains special p
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International HerbariumS.No Herbari
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Taxonomists have assigned a methodo
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Seed plantsClass IDicotyledonaeClas
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Figure 5.8: Adolph Engler and Karl
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Monocots are classified into 11 ord
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1. Easily visible characters like s
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the form of a tree called phylogene
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based on shared apomorphic characte
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Flowers: Bracteate, bracteolate(Ses
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are dithecous, basifixed, introse a
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Economic ImportanceEconomicimportan
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5.13.2 Family: Apocynaceae (milk we
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FlowerLeafFruitCorollaSepalCalyxL.S
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Economic importance of the family A
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5.13.3 Family: Solanaceae (Potato F
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LeafStamenCorollaStamenCorollaCalyx
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Habit: A small annual herbRoot: Bra
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5.13.4 Family: Euphorbiaceae (Casto
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Botanical Description Of Ricinus co
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Economic importance of the family E
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HeliconiaceaeSystematic PositionAPG
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LeafSpatheFlowerFruitBranchedspadix
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Economic Importance of The Family M
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in species of Smilax it is reticula
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Economic importance of the family l
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State Flower of Tamil NaduGloriosa
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as karyotaxonomy. The application o
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Chapter6Unit III: Cell biology andB
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microscopic organisms therefore it
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Microscopic measurements:The micros
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Comparison of MicroscopesFeaturesSo
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These solutes may be homogeneous(so
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of nuclear material. The DNA is wit
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The first cell might have evolvedap
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In plant, cell wall shows three dis
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Figure 6.13: Transport of molecules
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The largest of the internal membran
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time faster than DNA in the nucleus
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Ribosome consists of RNA andprotein
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v. Tannins in Mimosa pudica.vi. Rap
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secondary constrictions are called
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chromosome forms the chromosomal ax
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c. Smears: Here the specimen is in
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organisms are classified into proka
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ICT CornerCell structureCell-The un
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7.1 History of a CellTable 7.1: His
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Figure 7.1: Cell cyclethe cell cycl
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Drawbacks of Amitosis• Causes une
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the key regulatory proteins at the
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organs. It results in the formation
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Figure 7.8: MeiosisTelophase IIFour
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Summary273
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ICT CornerCell divisionHow cells ar
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222222BiomoleculesOrganic compounds
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8.2 Primary and SecondaryMetabolite
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8.3.2 DisaccharidesDisaccharides ar
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8.3.8 ChitinChitin is a homo polysa
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linoleic acid) the hydrocarbon chai
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8.5 ProteinsProteins are the most d
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8.5.2 Structure of ProteinProtein i
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colour develops without heating (Fi
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8.6.3 Factors Affecting the Rate of
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allosteric inhibitors. Eg. The enzy
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LyaseLigaseEnzymesMode ofactionBrea
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A characteristic feature that diffe
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Blue bands - Twosugar-phosphatechai
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Evaluation1. The most basic amino a
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ReferencesUnit 1: Diversity of Livi
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GlossaryAcetyl CoAActive siteAkinet
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English - Tamil TerminologyAcropeta
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Competitive Examination QuestionsUn
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22. Which one of the following stat
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18. How many plants in the list giv
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BOTANICAL NAMES AND COMMON NAMESS.N
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64 Musa paradisiaca Banana வா
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327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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